Insect pests of amaranthus and their management

Amaranthus (Amaranthus spp.) is one of the most popular leafy vegetables in India. They are grown widely as a source of grain and leafy vegetables. It is rich source of many essential micronutrients like carotene, vitamin A, B, C and D, iron, calcium, amino acid like lysine and minerals especially iron, phosphorous and magnesium. But its production hampers due to the infestation of various insect pests namely Amaranth stem weevils: Hypolixus truncatulus (F.), H. nubilosus (B.), Beetworm Moth: Spoladea recurvalis (F.), Leafminer: Liriomyza huidobrensis (B.), Aphid: Myzus persicae S., Plant Bugs: Cletus sp., which ultimately affect the true potential of the crop. Here, the present article provides recent information regarding different insect pests of amaranthus, their identification, life-history, nature of damage and their management in an eco-friendly way

Alcohol worsens bipolar disorder: Fact or myth?

Bipolar disorder is a chronic and complex psychiatric condition characterized by alternating episodes of mania and depression. The suffering person’s quality of life, behaviour, and mood are all deeply impacted. Although drinking alcohol is a typical practise among those who have bipolar disorder, little is known about how it affects the illness. The objective of this paper is to give an overview of how alcohol affects bipolar disorder. Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant that can cause mood fluctuations and make bipolar disorder symptoms stronger. Alcohol may at first give off an instantaneous sensation of excitement, but over time, it can disturb the sensitive equilibrium of neurotransmitters in the brain, making times of depression stronger. Alcohol use may increase manic episodes, which can result in impulsive behaviors and poor judgment. Heavy or frequent alcohol consumption increases the chance of treatment non-adherence, drug interactions, and poor treatment outcomes in people with bipolar disorder. Additionally, the clinical appearance of both bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorder can be complicated and made more severe by their co-occurrence. Studies have highlighted the importance of considering the unique challenges faced by individuals with bipolar disorder in managing their alcohol consumption. Results from integrated therapies that simultaneously treat both illnesses, including psychotherapy and medication, are encouraging. Positive treatment outcomes can be promoted by supportive therapies such as psychological instruction, behavioral therapy, and inspirational interviewing. Drinking alcohol negatively impacts those with bipolar disorder, worsening mood symptoms and reducing overall efficiency. In order to supply complete and successful treatment, healthcare professionals must be knowledgeable of the complex connections between alcohol use and bipolar disorder. To overcome this dual problem, further research is required to study the fundamental processes and develop targeted therapies

Characterization of Mineral and Geothermal Resources in the Eagle Flat Region, West Texas

The location and distribution of mineral and geothermal resources of the Eagle Flat study area have been described as part of the geologic characterization of the proposed site for the Texas low-level radioactive waste repository. Mineral localities were evaluated within the 400 mi2 (1,024 km2) Eagle Flat study area (Allamoore, Grayton Lake, Devil Ridge, Sierra Blanca, Bean Hill, and Dome Peak 7.5-minute topographic quadrangles) surrounding the proposed site. In order to more fully evaluate the regional trends and mineralogic associations, mineral localities were also characterized within a larger 900 mi2 (2,304 km2) reconnaissance area that includes 16 additional 7.5-minute quadrangles immediately surrounding the study area. The distribution and character of known mineral resources are important to the evaluation of the potential for economic mineral deposits on the siting area of the Texas low-level radioactive waste repository on the north Paskin Ranch. Excluding sand and gravel, which are ubiquitous in the basin, talc and possibly beryllium are the only known economic mineral deposits in the area. At the proposed site, basin-fill sediments in excess of 150 ft (45 m) thick probably preclude open-pit mining of talc or beryllium, and no favorable host rocks for talc are known to be present beneath the site. Beryllium is also highly unlikely because there are no drilling or geophysical data that indicate the occurrence of igneous intrusions beneath the basin-fill sediments of north Paskin Ranch. In addition, the site is located in a basin, not a highland, as is typical of intrusion-associated, Tertiary hydrothermal systems that occur elsewhere in the region.Bureau of Economic Geolog

Oil and Gas Resource Atlas Series: OffShore Northern Gulf of Mexico

The goal of the Oil and Gas Resource Atlas Series: Offshore Northern Gulf of Mexico is to develop an atlas of hydrocarbon plays that integrates data for oil and gas reservoirs with large-scale patterns of basin fill and age. During the second year of the 4-year program, tasks centered on program management and analysis of reservoir data. Approximately 140 plays have been identified in the Federal OCS and Texas State waters. Plays in Texas State waters are gas-prone and structurally trapped in rollover anticlines. In the Federal OCS, highly productive structural styles include growth-faulted rollover anticlines and salt domes. Lower Miocene plays are characterized by progradational and submarine-fan reservoirs of Lenticulina and Siphonina davisi chrono zones. Middle Miocene plays are characterized by progradational and retrogradational depositional styles. Upper Miocene plays are dominated by progradational depositional style, and Plio-Pleistocene plays include abundant progradational and submarine-fan reservoirs.Bureau of Economic Geolog

Analisis Tingkat Pencahayaan Ruang Kuliah Dengan Memanfaatkan Pencahayaan Alami Dan Pencahayaan Buatanklorofil

Telah dilakukan analisis tingkat pencahayaan ruang kuliah di Jurusan Fisika FMIPA Unsrat mencakup empat ruang perkuliahan masing-masing dengan menggunakan pencahayaan alami dan pencahayaan alami tambah pencahayaan buatan dari lampu fluorescent. Pengukuran tingkat pencahayaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan luksmeter L200 dengan rancangan pengukuran mengikuti SNI 16-7062-2004 untuk penerangan umum. Diperoleh hasil bahwa tingkat pencahayaan rata-rata maksimum ruang kuliah RK FIS 1, RK FIS 2, Ruang Seminar dan RK FIS 3 dengan sumber pencahayaan alami adalah 77 lux, 55 lux, 71 lux dan 128 lux. Pencahayaan dengan sumber alami yang ditambah pencahayaan buatan dari sumber lampu CFL memberikan tingkat pencahayaan 128 lux, 166 lux, 138 lux dan 170 lux. Nilai-nilai tersebut belum memenuhi standar pencahayaan 250 lux untuk ruang kuliah seperti yang direkomendasikan SNI.The analysis of the illumination level of the lecture rooms in the Department of Physics at MIPA Faculty on Sam Ratulangi University have been carried. Four lecture rooms are investigated by using natural lighting and natural light plus artificial lighting from fluorescent lamps. Illumination level measurement is done by using luxmeter L200 with measurements design follow SNI 16-7062-2004 for general illumination. The results show that the average level of illumination maximum for lecture room RK FIS 1, RK FIS 2, Seminar Room and RK FIS 3 wih a source of natural lighting are 77 lux, 55 lux, 71 lux and 128 lux respectively. The Illumination with natural sources plus artificial lighting from CFL Lamps provide the illumination level of 128 lux,166 lux, 138 lux dan 170 lux, respectively. The illumination level value of the research do not meet the recommended SNI Standard of illumination 250 lux for the lecture roo

Bio-efficacy of some insecticides against cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Laboratory bioassay of eight insecticides namely Chlorpyriphos 20 EC, Ethiprole+ imidacloprid 80 WG, Pymetrozine 50 WP, Lamda cyhalothrin 4.9 CS, Imidacloprid 30.5 SC, Acephate 95 SG, Thiacloprid 240 SC and Fipronil 5 SC was done against cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley. Among insecticides, Lamda cyhalothrin 4.9 CS was the most toxic with the lowest LD50 16.03 ppm followed by Chlorpyriphos 20 EC (LD50 27.56 ppm), Ethiprole+ imidacloprid 80 WG (LD50 44.82 ppm), Imidacloprid 30.5 SC (LD50 80.68 ppm), Thiacloprid 240 SC (LD50 87.13 ppm), Pymetrozine 50 WP (LD50 181.45 ppm), Acephate 95 SG (LD50 359.61 ppm), Fipronil 5 SC (LD50 705.59 ppm)

Sedimentary Record of Cretaceous and Teritiary Salt Movement, East Texas Basin: Times, Rates and Volumes of Salt Flow Implications to Nuclear-Waste Isolation and Petroleum Exploration

Post-Aptian strata (younger than 112 Ma) in the East Texas Basin were strongly influenced by halokinesis and record the evolution of associated salt structures. Comparisons with model diapirs and dome-induced changes in patterns of sandstone distribution, depositional facies, and reef growth indicate that thickness variations in strata surrounding domes were caused by syndepositional processes rather than by tectonic distortion. Salt domes in the East Texas Basin exhibit three stages of growth: pillow, diapir, and post-diapir. Each stage affected surrounding strata differently. Pillow growth caused broad uplifting of strata over the crest of the pillows. The resulting topographic swells influenced depositional trends and were susceptible to erosion. Fluvial-channel systems bypassed pillow crests and stacked vertically in primary peripheral sinks on the updip flanks of the pillows. Diapir growth was characterized by expanded sections of shelf and deltaic strata in secondary peripheral sinks around the diapirs. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) reefs on topographic saddles between secondary peripheral sinks now host major oil production at Fairway Field. Post diapir crestal uplifting and peripheral subsidence affected smaller areas than did equivalent processes that occurred during pillow or diapir stages. Pre-Aptian domes grew in three areas around the margin of the diapir province, apparently in pre-Aptian depocenters. Maximum dome growth along the basin axis coincided with maximum regional sedimentation there during the mid-Cretaceous (Aptian, Albian, and Cenomanian stages). In the Late Cretaceous, the sites of maximum diapirism migrated to the margin of the diapir province. Diapirism began after pillows were erosionally breached, which led to salt extrusion and formation of peripheral sinks.Bureau of Economic Geolog