Unsocial capital. Patronage and cronysm in postmodern power

Not always the relational capita is also a "social" capital. Often, this type of capital tough composed of bonds and interactions, appears nonetheless as a capital which is profoundly unsocial. This happens in two cases: either when the laces do not bind to each other, or when they bind well between them but do not bind to the wider society in which they are also inserted. It presents itself then, as a capital that binds but not as one that unites, which connects but not that which integrates. It is the capital of linkages and of small groups, which however do not amalgamate into larger forms of cohesion. The illustrative image may be that of many small aggregations that do not however make a single large network. It is the capital of narrow ties rather than relations which are broader and inclusive. Or it is the case of strong ties and closure forms of pseudo-community. In this case that we speak of capital which bonds rather than which bridges, to use an expression which is dear to the dominant literature on the subject . For these reasons, it ends up making more for the convenience "of" the society, than “for" the society and therefore social cohesion and amalgamation are clumped into many small social circles and just for very exclusively selected affinities. The hypothesis that in these pages we intend to support is that the unsocial capital is the product of "certain forms" of relational particularism, which produce a patronage degeneration of power. At question therefore is not relational particularism "in itself", but rather relational particularism "under certain conditions" or "with certain characteristics" which are able to mark a continuum between unsocial capital and forms of patronage (but also nepotistic or familistic) of power. The story of the power of Rome can help us to grasp some of these unexpected relational consequences

Crustal homogenization revealed by U–Pb zircon ages and Hf isotope evidence from the Late Cretaceous granitoids of the Agaçören intrusive suite (Central Anatolia/Turkey)

Geochemical and isotopic evidence from the Agacoren Igneous Association in central Anatolia-Turkey indicates that this suite of calc-alkaline granitic rocks have undergone crustal homogenization during regional metamorphic and related magmatic events. Whole-rock chemical and Sr-Nd isotopic data of the granitoids reveal crustal affinity with an earlier subduction component. Zircons show inherited cores and subsequent magmatic overgrowths. The laser ablation ICP-MS Pb-206/U-238 zircon ages are determined as 84.1 +/- 1.0 Ma for the biotite-muscovite granite, 82.3 + 0.8/-1.1 Ma for the hornblende-biotite granite, 79.1 + 2.1/-1.5 Ma for the granite porphyry dyke, 75.0 + 1.0/-1.0 Ma for the alkali feldspar dyke, and 73.6 +/- 0.4 Ma for the monzonite. This is interpreted as continuous magma generation, possibly from heterogeneous sources, from ca. 84 to 74 Ma during the closure of the northern branch of the Neotethyan Ocean. The oldest granitoids (84-82 Ma) were probably formed due to crustal thickening after obduction of the MORB-type oceanic crust onto the Tauride-Anatolide microplate. The younger granitoids are interpreted to be related to the subsequent post-collisional extension after lithospheric delamination. Combination of the laser ablation ICP-MS zircon Lu-Hf isotope data with the U-Pb ages of inherited cores suggests that Cretaceous granitoids formed by melting of heterogeneous crustal protoliths, which results in significant variation in epsilon Hf-(t) data (from -12.9 to +2.2). These protoliths were probably composed of reworked Early Proterozoic crust, minor juvenile Late Proterozoic magmatic components, and Paleozoic to pre-Late Cretaceous recycled crustal material. Moreover, the Late Cretaceous zircon domains of the different granitoids are characterized by a crustal signature, with a relatively restricted zircon epsilon Hf-(t) data ranging from -4.1 to -8.8. This variation is only about twice the reproducibility (ca. +/- 1 epsilon Hf) of the data, bu