FABRICATION OF MICROEMULSION LOADED SUBLINGUAL FILM FOR RAPID ABSORPTION OF FENTANYL CITRATE IN TRANSIENT BREAKTHROUGH PAIN

Objective: The present research work aims to develop a microemulsion loaded sublingual film for rapid absorption of fentanyl citrate in transient breakthrough pain. Methods: The Fentanyl citrate microemulsion loaded sublingual film was prepared using Capmul MCM C8 (oil), tween 20 (surfactant) and propylene glycol (co-surfactant) with different grades of film-forming polymer (HPMC) using a film casting machine. The films were evaluated for in vitro disintegration study, tensile strength, folding endurance, content uniformity, drug content, in vitro dissolution, pH, thickness and weight variation, scanning electron microscopy, ex vivo permeation study, droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, % moisture content and stability study were evaluated. Results: The optimized film formulation showed desired mechanical properties (tensile strength of 0.291 kg/cm2) and a minimum disintegration time of 20 s. The optimized sublingual film formulation exhibited 43.16 % of FC microemulsion loading. Morphological study showed the absence of drug crystals on the polymeric surface. Permeation studies through goat sublingual mucosa indicated 89% fentanyl citrate release through fentanyl citrate microemulsion loaded sublingual film, whereas only 40% fentanyl citrate release was obtained when it was directly added to film without microemulsion strategy. Conclusion: The present study indicated that extend of permeation of fentanyl citrate when added to the sublingual film in microemulsion form was around 2.225 folds higher than when added directly to film without microemulsion. The present microemulsion embedded film technology could be a promising alternative to conventional drug delivery systems and traditional routes of administration for breakthrough pain management

FABRICATION OF AN ABUSE DETERRENT AND MICROEMULSION-BASED SUBLINGUAL FILM OF BUPRENORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE FOR BREAKTHROUGH PAIN MANAGEMENT

Objective: The present research work aims to develop an abuse deterrent rapidly dissolving buprenorphine microemulsion loaded sublingual film for the treatment of breakthrough pain. Methods: The Buprenorphine microemulsion loaded sublingual films were prepared using Capmul MCM C8 (oil), tween 20 (surfactant) and propylene glycol (co-surfactant) with different grades of film-forming polymer (HPMC) using film casting machine. The films were evaluated for in vitro disintegration and dissolution study, tensile strength, folding endurance, content uniformity, surface pH, thickness and weight variation, % loading of buprenorphine microemulsion in sublingual film, scanning electron microscope, ex vivo permeation study, droplet size and polydispersity index, Zeta potential, % moisture content, stability and abuse deterrent potential were evaluated. Results: The optimized film formulation showed desired mechanical properties with minimum disintegration time of 21s and exhibited 34.45 % loading of Buprenorphine microemulsion. Permeation studies through goat sublingual mucosa, indicated 87% Buprenorphine release, through Buprenorphine microemulsion loaded sublingual film, whereas only 30% Buprenorphine release when it was directly added to film without microemulsion strategy. Conclusion: The present study concludes that abuse deterrent and fast acting buprenorphine microemulsion-incorporated sublingual film of buprenorphine HCL and naloxone HCL is a promising alternative to mostly marketed buprenorphine injectable delivery systems and a non-invasive route of administration for breakthrough pain management

AN ALGORITHM TO ANALYZE STRENGTH OF CAPTCHA

CAPTCHA stands for Completely Automated Public Turing Tests to Tell Computers and Humans Apart. The CAPTCHAs have been widely used across the Internet to defend against undesirable and malicious bot programs. It was observed that an alarming number of CAPTCHAs could be broken by the technique of Image Processing and Artificial Neural Network. Many Researchers have tried to break a CAPTCHA so as to design robust CAPTCHA , but it is essential to generate a strong CAPTCHA that will resist bot attack. This paper has proposed algorithm to analyze the strength of CAPTCHAs using simple image processing techniques such as Preprocessing, Segmentation and Character recognition which in turn helps to improve the robustness and usability of CAPTCHA in Internet System. The experimental result shows the proposed algorithm gives 75 % accuracy to analyze the strength of CAPTCHA

Comparative Analysis of Metaheuristic Approaches for Makespan Minimization for No Wait Flow Shop Scheduling Problem

This paper provides comparative analysis of various metaheuristic approaches for m-machine no wait flow shop scheduling (NWFSS) problem with makespan as an optimality criterion. NWFSS problem is NP hard and brute force method unable to find the solutions so approximate solutions are found with metaheuristic algorithms. The objective is to find out the scheduling sequence of jobs to minimize total completion time. In order to meet the objective criterion, existing metaheuristic techniques viz. Tabu Search (TS), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are implemented for small and large sized problems and effectiveness of these techniques are measured with statistical metric

PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF MANDUR BHASMA

Objective: Bhasmas are traditional Indian medicinal preparations that are standardized using quality control tests prescribed by Ayurveda and other guidelines. There is a need to study the adequacy of the existing quality control tests and to correlate these to the performance of the product. No attempt has been made in the literature to study the adequacy of these tests in determining the biological activity of a product and to suggests new analytical techniques for determining the quality. In the present work, an attempt has been made to compare marketed samples of Mandur bhasma with respect to various existing quality control tests and to analyze these samples using modern analytical techniques for the complete analysis of Mandur Bhasma. Adequacy of all the tests and techniques was studied with respect to the hepatoprotective activity of mandur bhasma in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Methods: The marketed products of three leading brands of Mandur Bhasma were analyzed for quality-control tests as prescribed by Ayurveda and other guidelines. These samples were also analysed using modern analytical techniques like AAS, IR, XRD, HPTLC, SEM. These formulations were then evaluated for their hepatoprotective activity in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats and the results obtained were correlated with analytical results.Results: It was found that all the three bhasma samples were passing in quality control tests as prescribed by Ayurveda and other guidelines. These samples produced similar results when analyzed using AAS and IR. The results were different when analyzed using colorimetry, HPTLC, SEM and XRD. The extent of hepatoprotection in rats with paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity was also found to be different in the three samples.Conclusion: The analysis was carried out on three different marketed samples, and a correlation has been reported. It was seen that although all the three formulations passed traditional quality control tests and the tests laid by regulatory guidelines, but still there were significant differences in their biological activity. Analysis of iron content using colorimetric method was found to be discriminating in estimating the biologically effective form of iron. It was also found that HPTLC, XRD and SEM should be further developed and validated as analytical tools in determining the quality of Mandur bhasma product.Keywords: Mandur bhasma, Colorimetry, IR, AAS, SEM, XRD, HPTLC, Hepatoprotective activit

SIMULTANEOUS QUANTIFICATION OF BUPRENORPHINE HCL AND NALOXONE HCL BY VIERORDT'S METHOD

Objective: Development of a simple, rapid and accurate vierordt's method or simultaneous equation (SE) method for the simultaneous estimation of Buprenorphine HCl (BU) and Naloxone HCl (NA) in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The proposed method was validated according to the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization and the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International.Methods: The method was based on the measurement of absorbance at two wavelengths 289.0 nm and 283.8 nm, λmax of BU and NA in methanol respectively.Results: Calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 40-200 µg ml-1 for BU and 40-260 µg ml-1 for NA. The mean recovery, limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) for BU were 98.91 %, 0.481 µg ml-1 and 0.158 µg ml-1 and for NA were 98.85 %, 1.283 µg ml-1 and 0.423 µg ml-1, respectively. The method was precise, with a relative standard deviation of less than 2.0 % for both drugs. For robustness, the factors analyzed did not significantly affect the quantification of BU and NA.Conclusion: The proposed method can be successfully applied for simultaneous estimation of BU and NA in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form.Â

ADVANCES IN NONINVASIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS OF OPIOIDS: FORMULATIONS AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE

ABSTRACTOpioid continues as the main pharmacological treatment for severe acute pain. Extensive first-pass metabolism is the major limitation of opioiddelivery by oral route. Thus, the parenteral route has been the only option for the delivery of opioids before the beginning of the 21 century.However, as the delivery through parenteral route is associated with limitation of being invasive, a strong need for developing non-invasive deliverysystems has been felt among the drug delivery scientists. Since mucosal surfaces are rich in blood supply and provide rapid drug transport to thesystemic circulation, this delivery system has been explored to enhance opioid bioavailability by avoiding their degradation through first-pass hepaticmetabolism. Oral transmucosal delivery such as buccal and sublingual has progressed far beyond the use of traditional dosage forms developed withnovel approaches emerging continuously. This review provides updated information about the use of opioids for the treatment of severe pain withspecial emphasis on the work done by various scientists on formulation development of opioid analgesics, especially by buccal and sublingual routefor delivery of opioids along with their clinical perspective. Particular attention is given to new approaches enhancing bioavailability of opioids bythese routes.Keywords: Opioids, Buccal, Oral drug, Sublingual delivery of opioids.s

Privacy Preserving Public Auditing and Data Integrity for Secure Cloud Storage Using Third Party Auditor

Using cloud services, anyone can remotely store their data and can have the on-demand high quality applications and services from a shared pool of computing resources, without the burden of local data storage and maintenance. Cloud is a commonplace for storing data as well as sharing of that data. However, preserving the privacy and maintaining integrity of data during public auditing remains to be an open challenge. In this paper, we introducing a third party auditor (TPA), which will keep track of all the files along with their integrity. The task of TPA is to verify the data, so that the user will be worry-free. Verification of data is done on the aggregate authenticators sent by the user and Cloud Service Provider (CSP). For this, we propose a secure cloud storage system which supports privacy-preserving public auditing and blockless data verification over the cloud

An Efficient and Green Procedure for the Preparation of Acylals from Aldehydes Catalyzed by Alum [KAl(SO4)2.12H2O]

Alum [KAl(SO4)2.12H2O] is an inexpensive, efficient, non-toxic and mild catalyst for the preparation of acylals from aromatic and heteroaryl aldehydes with acetic anhydride at room temperature under solvent-free conditions. This method gives remarkable advantages such as excellent chemoselectivity, mild reaction conditions, short reaction times and excellent yields, and offers a green synthetic solution by avoiding toxic catalysts and hazardous solvents.Keywords: Alum, acylals, aromatic and heteroaryl aldehydes, solvent-free synthesis, room temperatur

Evaluation of some Methods for Preparing Gliclazide-&#946-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes

Purpose: Gliclazide has been found to form inclusion complexes with β- cyclodextrin (β-CD) in solution and in solid state. The present study was undertaken to determine a suitable method for scaling up gliclazide-β-CD inclusion complex formation and to evaluate the effect of some parameters on the efficiency of complexation. Method: The solid inclusion complexes of gliclazide and β-cyclodextrin were prepared at a molar ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 by mixing, kneading, and coprecipitation methods both on small and large scales. The effect of parameters such as kneading time and temperature on complexation was also studied. Characterization was performed using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and dissolution studies. In vitro release studies were carried out in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Result: All the methods of preparation of complexes were found to be useful in increasing the solubility of gliclazide except mixing method where the rise in solubility was not significant. Both kneading and co-precipitation methods in 1:2 molar ratios were found to be equally effective in improving the solubility of gliclazide. The formation of inclusion complexes was evident in these formulations as shown by IR and XRD studies. But when carried out on a large scale, co-precipitation method was found to be more tedious and time-consuming than kneading method. Moreover percent recovery of complexes in the kneading method was found to be 98.76% as compared to 92.05% in case of co-precipitation method. Conclusion: Drug content studies, IR spectroscopic studies, X-Ray diffractometry studies and in vitro dissolution study data indicated that inclusion complexes prepared by kneading method in 1:2 molar ratios were suitable for improving the solubility of gliclazide. The same formulation was prepared at large scale and optimum formulation conditions were established. Keywords: Gliclazide, Inclusion complexes, β-cyclodextrin, Kneading Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6 (4) 2007: pp. 833-84