Wpływ ruchu komunikacyjnego na jakość wód rzeki Silnicy

Silnica River is a small river cutting through the city of Kielce from the North to the South-West. It has its source in Masłowskie Range at a height of 360 m a.s.l. and it flows into Bobrza River. It is ranked among mountain rivers at a 6.4 ‰ gradient. Its river-bed bas belonged to Kielecki Protected Landscape Area since 2006. Next to Szydłowek estate the artificial water body was build - Kielecki Bay. Beneath Kielecki Bay, Silnica River flows in regu1ated river-bed. Because of no separated storm water drainage, the rainwater washes away pollutants among others from industrial plants, houses, pavements, and streets into Silnica River. The aim of this study is to present results of the research on influence of the road traffic on physiochemical properties of the water of Silnica River. Points of the heaviest traffic volume in Kielce located at !he river were analyzed. The research program included analysis of pH and heavy metaIs: Pb, Cd and Ni. Atmospheric conditions were observed at the same time. The obtained results showed that depending on analyzed point the pollution of the Silnica River water reached different levels. This is a result not only of external factors such as praximity of roads and the road traffic volume but asgo the processes occurring in water environment.Silnica jest niewielką rzeką przecinającą miasto Kielce z północy na południowy zachód. Wypływa z Pasma Masłowskiego na wysokości 360 m n.p.m. i uchodzi do Bobrzy. Ma charakter rzeki górskiej ze spadkiem wynoszącym 6,4‰. Koryto rzeki od połowy 2006 r. wchodzi w skład Kieleckiego Obszaru Chronionego Krajobrazu. Na wysokości osiedla Szydłówek wybudowany został sztuczny zbiornik - Zalew Kielecki. Poniżej zalewu Silnica płynie w sztucznie uregulowanym korycie. Na skutek braku osobnej kanalizacji woda deszczowa spłukuje i wprowadza do Silnicy zanieczyszczenia m.in. z terenów placów zakładowych, posesji, chodników, ulic. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie wyników badań nad wpływem ruchu komunikacyjnego i zagospodarowania terenu na właściwości fizykochemiczne wód rzeki Sinicy. Przeanalizowane zostały punkty o największym natężeniu ruchu samochodowego dla miasta Kielce. Program badawczy obejmował analizę pH oraz metali ciężkich Pb, Cd i Ni. Równocześnie prowadzono obserwację warunków atmosferycznych. Wody rzeki Silnicy, w zależności od analizowanego punktu, charakteryzowały się różnym stopniem zanieczyszczenia, co jest efektem wpływu zarówno zagospodarowania terenu, jak i panujących warunków atmosferycznych

Environmental threats resulting from methane clathrate extraction: an environmental impact assessment

Klatraty metanu, zwane również wodzianami metanu, występują na terenach wiecznej zmarzliny oraz pod osadami podmorskimi, przede wszystkim na stokach kontynentalnych. Związki te są stabilne tylko w określonych warunkach fizykochemicznych stanowiąc jednocześnie podstawę do życia specyficznych i wyspecjalizowanych organizmów. Dlatego też plany eksploatacji zasobów gazohydratu wywołują liczne dyskusje. Z jednej strony klatraty metanu stanowią nadzieję na uzyskanie ogromnych ilości "zielonego paliwa", alternatywnego do ropy naftowej oraz tradycyjnego węgla i gazu ziemnego. Z drugiej jednak budzą uzasadnioną obawę o środowisko, niebezpieczeństwo zmian w ekosystemach wodnych i ich konsekwencje, możliwość niekontrolowanego uwolnienia dużych ilości metanu do atmosfery i tym samym zagrożenie dla klimatu i życia na Ziemi. Niezbędna jest zatem dyskusja nad ocenę opłacalności podejmowanych działań zmierzających do eksploatacji osadów podmorskich wraz z uwzględnieniem kosztów i zmian środowiskowych, zarówno na etapie wydobycia, jak i po zakończeniu prac. Świadomość skali ingerencji w strukturę ekosystemów wodnych oraz konsekwencji środowiskowych pozwala na prowadzenie zrównoważonych pod względem środowiskowym prac oraz zmniejszenie negatywnego oddziaływania na środowisko.Methane clathrates, also known as methane hydrates, occur in permafrost regions as well as below marine sediments, in particular on continental slopes. These compounds are stable only under specific physico-chemical circumstances and they simultaneously provide the living conditions for specific specialised organisms. In consequence, plans for gas hydrate resource exploitation have provoked much heated debate. On the one hand, methane clathrates offer an opportunity for obtention of large amounts of "green fuel", an alternative to crude oil, traditional coal or natural gas. On the other hand, this breeds understandable anxiety as for the environment in terms of dangerous changes to water ecosystems and consequences thereof, or the possibility of uncontrolled release of large amounts of methane into the atmosphere, which would threaten the climate and life on Earth. In view of the above, discussion is needed to assess the cost-effectiveness of marine sediment exploitation, with focus on environmental cost and change, both at the stage of extraction and upon works completion. Understanding the scope of interference into the water ecosystem structure together with the consequences for the environment makes it possible to conduct environmentally sustainable works as well as limiting negative environmental impact

Kit of the ecochemist - advantages and disadvantages

Stosując metody, formy i środki dydaktyczne, trzeba mieć świadomość ich wad i zalet. Dlatego też przeprowadzono ankietę wśród uczestników nieformalnych zajęć terenowego laboratorium biologiczno-chemicznego. Zajęcia te prowadzone były z zastosowaniem różnorodnych metod, form oraz z wykorzystaniem wielu środków dydaktycznych. Do analizy zanieczyszczeń wód, m.in. azotanów(V), fosforanów(V), wykorzystywane były proste i łatwe w obsłudze zestawy odczynników. Na podstawie otrzymanego w wyniku reakcji zabarwienia i natężenia koloru można było określić występowanie analizowanego związku lub jego brak. Uczestnicy zajęć wskazali zarówno na wady, jak i zalety stosowania zestawów. Oceny te, w zależności od grupy wiekowej (klasy gimnazjalne oraz klasy ponadgimnazjalne), kształtowały się w odmienny sposób.When applying the methods, forms and didactic means their advantages as well as disadvantages should be taken into consideration. Therefore a survey was conducted among the participants of informal classes “Biological-chemical laboratory”. The classes were conducted with the use of various methods as well as many other didactic forms. For the analysis of water contaminants: nitrates and phosphates, sets of easy to operate reagents were used. On the basis of the intensity of the colour received as a result of the reaction, it was possible to determine occurrence of the analysed compound or its lack. The participants of the classes pointed as the disadvantages as well as advantages of using the kits. These opinions, depending on the age (junior secondary schools as well as senior secondary schools) were different

Contamination of soils with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near petrol stations in the city of Kielce

Petrochemical-derived products may enter the soil with rainwater, sewage, and during equipment failures. Due to their physicochemical properties, they cause a threat to the environment and change the properties of engineering-geological land. In the study, samples of soil originating from the vicinity of 20 gas stations in the city of Kielce have been examined. The following soil parameters were determined: pH, Hh, exchangeable cations, content of CaCO3, Corg and PAH. The amount of PAHs and their composition varied depending on numerous factors such as the soil quality as well as location and degree of exploitation of petrol stations

Heavy metals in precipitation waters under conditions of varied anthropopressure in typical of European low mountain regions

The environment is a dynamic system, subject to change resulting from a variety of physicochemical factors, such as temperature, pressure, pH, redox potential and human activity. The quantity and variety of these determinants cause the inflow of substances into individual environmental elements to vary in both time and space, as well as in terms of substance types and quantities. The energy and matter flow in the environment determines its integrity, which means that the processes occurring in one element of the environment affect the others. A certain measure of the energy and matter flow is the migration of chemical substances in various forms from one place to another. In a particular geographical space, under natural conditions, a specific level of balance between individual processes appears; in areas subject to anthropopressure, the correlations are different. In small areas, varying deposition volumes and chemism of precipitation waters which reach the substratum directly can both be observed. The study area is similar in terms of geological origins as well as morphological, structural and physico-chemical properties, and is typical of European low mountain regions. A qualitative and quantitative study of wet atmospheric precipitation was conducted between February 2009 and May 2011 in the Bobrza river catchment in the Holy Cross (Świętokrzyskie) Mountains (Poland), at three sampling sites of varying land development and distance from sources of various acidic-alkaline emissions. Field and laboratory work was conducted over 29 months, from February 2009 to May 2011. Atmospheric precipitation measurements were carried out in a continuous manner by means of a Hellman rain gauge (200cm2). The collecting surface was placed at ground level (0m AGL). The application of a collecting funnel and an adequately prepared polyethylene collecting can in the rain gauge enabled the measurement of precipitation volume and water sampling for chemical analyses. In order to prevent mineral soil particles and organic matter from entering the rain gauge, the device was placed in a pit, which was – for safety reasons – covered with a grid of appropriate single net-mesh diameter. The study covered metals of Fe, Cd, Cr, Al and Mn, ions of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Cl-, F-, NO3-, SO42- and PO43- as well as the pH and conductivity. Basing on the conducted analyses, a characteristics of ion deposition on soil surface were developed. In order to interpret the obtained results, the neutralising potential (NP), the acidifying potential (AP) and the acid neutralising capacity (ANCaq) indices were used, together with molar or mass proportions of the ions. The study results show a clear boundary between the northern and southern parts of the study area. Both regularities and disorders in inter-ion relationships, originating from the introduction into the air of pollution due to human activity (acidification or alkalisation), were observed

Chemism of the run-off wastewater from urbanized areas based on the Kielce City example

The study was conducted at the collector of run-off wastewater (Si9), located in Kielce. Silnica River is a small river cutting through the city of Kielce from the North to the South-West. It has its source in Masłowskie Range at a height of 360 m a.s.l. and it flows into Bobrza River. It is ranked among mountain rivers at a 6.4 ‰ gradient. Its river-bed bas belonged to Kielecki Protected Landscape Area since 2006. Next to Szydłowek estate the artificial water body was build - Kielecki Bay. Beneath Kielecki Bay, Silnica River flows in regu1ated river-bed. Because of no separated storm water drainage, the rainwater washes away pollutants among others from industrial plants, houses, pavements, and streets into Silnica River. The wastewater treatment plant is located at the mouth of the Silnica River. It receives rainwater and snowmelt from the central - eastern part of the city with an area of 62 ha. The primary channel has a length of 1569 m and its diameter varies from 600 mm to 1250 mm. Is attached to the side of seventeen channels (with diameters from 300 mm to 1000 mm). The collector wells are 32 inspection and connection, and 24 entries. The side channels are located 119 wells and 82 outlets. The total length of the sewerage system is equal to 5583 m. The decrease of the collector changes to individual sections from 0.04% to 3.9%, and decreases in side channels to reach 2.61%. On average, one groove receives water from the surface of 0.585 ha. Ordinate the highest point in the catchment area is 271.20 m, 260.0 m above sea level the lowest, the average decrease in surface area is equal to 0.71%. Within the basin was isolated six types of surface runoff: roofs (14.3%), walks (8.4%), roads (17.7%), parking (11.2%), green (47.2%) and pitch school (1.3%). Generally, paved areas with a high coefficient of runoff represent 52.83% of the total catchment area, which shows the typical urban character. The run-off wastewater is collected from the roofs by gutters incorporated directly into storm channels (72.5% of all roofs), with roads and streets on a typical street drains with cast iron grate. A qualitative and quantitative study of runoff wastewater was conducted between February 2011 and October 2011. The study covered metals of Fe, Cd, Cr, Al and Mn, ions of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Cl-, F-, NO3-, SO4 2- and PO4 3- as well as the distribution of rainfall intensity, the pH and conductivity. The levels of these selected heavy metals were determined using F-AAS and/or ICP-MS-TOF (GBC), but the levels of selected ions were identified by means of ion chromatography (Dionex ICS-3000)

Chemical fractionation of zinc in bottom sediments of the southern and middle Vistula River drainage basin

In Poland, the average Zn contents in river sediments keep up the level 100 mg/kg. The largest accumulations of zinc (up to 10 000 mg/kg), found in river sediments in the Upper and Lower Silesia area, are the result of mining and industrial activity in these regions. In the remaining parts of the country the contents are clearly smaller, except for the conurbation areas (Lis & Pasieczna, 1995). At present, forecasts of behavior of me- tals present in solid environmental samples are usually based on results of chemical fractionation. In this approach, metals are extracted by treating samples with solutions of increasing solubilization potential and simulating extgraction of metals under natural and anthropogenically modified environmental conditions (Rauret, 1998). The studies covered speciation of zinc in river sediments of the Nida and Radomka drainage basins. The chemical fractionation of zinc was conducted in accordance with three-stage procedure of sequential extraction BCR (at present, Standard Measurement and Testing Program), worked out by Ure et al. (1993). The aim of investigations was to compare forms of occurrence of zinc in sediments of rivers flowing through areas differing in geochemical background and characterized by differences in content of anthropogenic zinc. The speciation of zinc in sediment samples from the Radomka drainage basin gave results clearly different from those for sediments from the Nida drainage basin, which may reflect differences in land use. The content of zinc in the studied samples was found to change for 8 mg/kg in bottom deposits of Radomka River at Domaniów to 267 mg/kg in those of Mleczna River at Firlej in the Radomka drainage basin and from 88 mg/kg in sediments of Maskalis River at Brzezie to 101 mg/kg in those of the Brzeźnica River at Raków in the Nida drainage basin

Zawartość związków metali ciężkich w osadach dennych zbiornika Suchedniów

Water reservoirs become silted at various intensity levels. Within the reservoir bowls, both allochtonic (built up outside the sedimentation area) and autochtonic (built up in the sedimentation area) matter is accumulated. As a result, reservoirs need desilting after a while. Then a problem arises how to manage the sludge removed from the reservoir bottom. The chemical properties of the bottom sludge, and particularly the content of heavy metals, decide whether it will be possible to use the sludge, and in what way. The chemical properties of the bottom sludge depend, to a far extent, on the character of the reservoir basin, the level of its urbanisation, and also on the climatic conditions. The paper presents the results of investigations into the content of heavy metals in the bottom sediments in the Suchedniow water reservoir. This water body is characterised by small mean depth of 1.05 m and mean annual flow across the dam profile of 0.63 m3 s–1. Forests dominate in the reservoir basin covering 45 % of its area, arable land constitutes 18 %, and the percentage of built-up area does not exceed 5 %. In recent years (2009–2011), the water reservoir has become much silted because of storing large soil masses near the local watercourses during the construction of S7 expressway. The amount of stored soil is estimated at 7.8 thousand m3. For investigations, nine bottom sediments samples were collected, in which the content of the following heavy metals: Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, and Mn was determined. Quasi-undisturbed sludge was taken into transparent cylinders with Eijkelkamp sampler, which made it possible to conduct analysis in sediment layers 20 cm in height. In order to evaluate the sediment pollution with heavy metals, the geoaccumulation index, the pollution coefficient and level were calculated. On the basis of admissible soil chemical pollution tables, the possibility of the sludge use in agriculture after extracting it from the reservoir bowl was assessed.Zbiorniki wodne ulegają zamuleniu z różną intensywnością. W obrębie ich czasz akumulowany jest materiał alochtoniczny (powstały poza obszarem sedymentacji) jak również autochtoniczny (utworzony w miejscu sedymentacji). W związku z powyższym po pewnym czasie wymagają one odmulenia. Powstaje wówczas problem zagospodarowania osadów wydobytych z dna zbiornika. Możliwość i sposób wykorzystania osadów dennych zależy od ich cech chemicznych, a zwłaszcza od zawartości metali ciężkich. Właściwości chemiczne osadów zależą w dużej mierze od charakteru zlewni zbiornika, stopnia jej zurbanizowania, jak również warunków klimatycznych. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań zawartości metali ciężkich w osadach dennych zbiornika Suchedniów. Akwen ten charakteryzuje się niewielką głębokością średnią, wynoszącą 1,05 m oraz średnim rocznym przepływem w profilu zapory równym 0,63 m3 s–1. Na obszarze zlewni dominują lasy – 45 % powierzchni zlewni, pola orne – 18 %, a udział 768 Łukasz Bąk et al terenów zabudowanych nie przekracza 5 %. W ostatnim okresie (2009–2011), na skutek składowania w pobliżu lokalnych cieków mas ziemnych, powstałych podczas budowy trasy ekspresowej S-7, doszło do jego intensywnego zamulenia, a ilość odłożonego materiału oszacowano na około 7,8 tys. m3. Do badań pobrano 9 próbek osadów, w których oznaczono zawartość następujących metali ciężkich: Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn. Osad pobrano w stanie quasi-nienaruszonym, do przezroczystych cylindrów, za pomocą próbopobieraka „Eijkelkamp”, co umożliwiło wykonanie analiz w warstewkach osadu o wysokości 20 cm. W celu oceny stanu zanieczyszczeń osadów metalami ciężkimi obliczono indeks geoakumulacji, współczynnik oraz stopień ich zanieczyszczenia. Określono także (na podstawie tabel dopuszczalnego, chemicznego zanieczyszczenia gleb) możliwość rolniczego wykorzystania osadów po ich wydobyciu z misy zbiornika

Content of heavy metal compounds in the bottom sediments of the suchedniów water reservoir

Zbiorniki wodne ulegają zamuleniu z różną intensywnością. W obrębie ich czasz akumulowany jest materiał allochtoniczny (powstały poza obszarem sedymentacji), jak również autochtoniczny (utworzony w miejscu sedymentacji). W związku z powyższym po pewnym czasie wymagają one odmulenia. Powstaje wówczas problem zagospodarowania osadów wydobytych z dna zbiornika. Możliwość i sposób wykorzystania osadów dennych zależy od ich cech chemicznych, a zwłaszcza od zawartości metali ciężkich. Właściwości chemiczne osadów zależą w dużej mierze od charakteru zlewni zbiornika, stopnia jej zurbanizowania, a także warunków klimatycznych. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań zawartości metali ciężkich w osadach dennych zbiornika Suchedniów. Akwen ten charakteryzuje się niewielką głębokością średnią, wynoszącą 1,05 m oraz średnim rocznym przepływem w profilu zapory równym 0,63 m3·s–1. Na obszarze zlewni dominują lasy 45% powierzchni zlewni, pola orne - 18%, a udział terenów zabudowanych nie przekracza 5%. W latach 2009-2011, na skutek składowania w pobliżu lokalnych cieków mas ziemnych, powstałych podczas budowy trasy ekspresowej S-7, doszło do jego intensywnego zamulenia, a ilość odłożonego materiału oszacowano na około 7,8 tys. m3. Do badań pobrano 9 próbek osadów, w których oznaczono zawartość następujących metali ciężkich: Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn. Osad pobrano w stanie quasi-nienaruszonym, do przezroczystych cylindrów, za pomocą próbopobieraka „Eijkelkamp”, co umożliwiło wykonanie analiz w warstewkach osadu o wysokości 20 cm. W celu oceny stanu zanieczyszczeń osadów metalami ciężkimi obliczono indeks geoakumulacji, współczynnik oraz stopień ich zanieczyszczenia. Określono także (na podstawie tabel dopuszczalnego, chemicznego zanieczyszczenia gleb) możliwość rolniczego wykorzystania osadów po ich wydobyciu z misy zbiornika.Water reservoirs become silted at various intensity levels. Within the reservoir bowls, both allochtonic (built up outside the sedimentation area) and autochtonic (built up at the sedimentation area) matter is accumulated. As a result, reservoirs need desilting after a while. Then a problem arises how to manage the sludge removed from the reservoir bottom. The chemical properties of the bottom sludge, and particularly the content of heavy metals, decide whether it will be possible to use the sludge and in what way. The chemical properties of the bottom sludge depend, to a far extent, on the character of the reservoir basin, the level of its urbanisation, and also on the climatic conditions. The paper presents the results of investigations into the content of heavy metals in the bottom sediments in the Suchedniów water reservoir. This water body is characterised by small mean depth of 1.05 m and mean annual flow across the dam profile of 0.63 m3·s–1. Forests dominate in of the reservoir basin covering 45% of its area, arable land constitutes 18%, and the percentage of built-up area does not exceed 5%. In recent years (2009-2011), the water reservoir has become much silted because of storing large soil masses near the local watercourses during the construction of S-7 expressway. The amount of stored soil is estimated at 7.8 thousand m3. For investigations, nine bottom sediments samples were collected, in which the content of the following heavy metals: Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn was determined. Quasi-undisturbed sludge was taken into transparent cylinders with Eijkelkamp sampler, which made it possible to conduct analysis in sediment layers 20 cm in height. In order to evaluate the sediment pollution with heavy metals, the geoaccumulation index, the pollution coefficient and level were calculated. On the basis of admissible chemical soil pollution tables, the possibility of the sludge use in agriculture after extracting it from the reservoir bowl was assessed

Influence of Wax Pattern Surface Quality on Prime Coat of Ceramic Mold

The authors have made an attempt to enrich the knowledge about the influence of wax pattern washing process and its influence on the quality of the shell prime coat. Two types of wax were investigated: A7Fr/60 and KC2690. A7Fr60 is used for pattern fabrication, while KC2690 is typical sprue wax. The goal of work was to establish wax solubility accuracy in Trisol 60 Plus and Houghto Clean 530 versus time and influence of dipping time to wax samples surface quality. Additionally, after exposition of wax samples, their surface morphology was characterized with the use of laser profilometry and surface roughness measurement. The quality of formed prime coat was established by X-ray tomography. The measurement of wetting angle of the wax by binder was conducted. The results have shown that the main factor which influences the quality of the prime coat is surface wettability rather than wax surface roughness