Do shocks affect men's and women's assets differently?: A review of literature and new evidence from Bangladesh and Uganda

This background paper attempts to expand our understanding of the gender-differentiated impact of shocks on assets through a literature review on shocks and gendered asset dynamics and an analysis of new panel data (2007 and 2009) from Uganda and Bangladesh looking at the impact of negative shocks and positive events on men's and women's assets. We take advantage of detailed assets and shocks modules to disaggregate the type of shock between covariate and idiosyncratic shocks and types of assets according to ownership (joint, husband's, and wife's assets). We also consider the impact of life-cycle events such as dowry payments and receipts, and inheritance. Estimation of an asset accumulation regression as a function of covariate and idiosyncratic shocks, with controls for baseline characteristics and asset stocks, finds that although many shocks are similar in both countries, commonly experienced shocks do not necessarily have the same effects across countries and on men's, women's, and jointly owned assets within countries. Land and assets in general were relatively well insured against food price increases in Bangladesh, but jointly held assets and wives' assets in Uganda were negatively affected. Weather shocks negatively impact husbands' assets and wives' assets in Bangladesh and Uganda, respectively. Reflecting differences in country and context, dowry and wedding expenses took their toll on wives' land in Bangladesh, and illness shocks also had a large detrimental impact on wives' assets in Bangladesh, while death negatively affected wives' assets in Uganda. Within households, however, it appears that in Bangladesh, husbands' land and assets were more negatively affected by covariate shocks relative to wives' assets, whereas in Uganda, husbands' assets were relatively protected against covariate shocks relative to wives' assets.Shocks, Gender, assets,

Role of Mixed Cationic/Anionic Collector Systems on Hematite Flotation

The adsorption mechanism of mixed cationic alkyl diamine and anionic sulphate/oleate collectors was investigated on hematite through Hallimond flotation studies. The flotation response of hematite independently with cationic and anionic collectors and with mixed cationic/anionic collector systems is assessed. The Hallimond flotation response of hematite as a function of pH and collector concentration was investigated. The study revealed that hematite flotation recovery is maximum at acidic pH with sulphate, neutral pH 6-7 with oleate, and at basic pH about 9.5 with diamine. It is the first time that the hematite flotation results show increased adsorption of cationic collector in the presence of anionic collector apart from its own co-adsorption. The presence of oleate increased the diamine adsorption due to a decrease in the electrostatic head-head repulsion between the adjacent surface ammonium ions and thereby increasing the lateral tail-tail hydrophobic bonds. The increase in oleate concentration beyond diamine concentration leads to the formation of soluble 1:2 diamine-oleate complex or precipitate and the adsorption of these species decreased the flotation since the alkyl groups of these adsorbed species are randomly oriented at the surface

Flotation Of Quartz And Hematite: Adsorption Mechanism Of Mixed Cationic/Anionic Collector Systems

Using pure quartz and hematite minerals, the adsorption mechanism of mixed cationic/anionic reagent schemes was investigated through Hallimond flotation studies. The flotation response of quartz and hematite independently with cationic and anionic collectors as well as with mixed cationic/anionic collector systems is assessed. The flotation response as a function of pH and collector concentration was investigated. The single mineral flotation tests in the presence of anionic collectors, quartz does not respond to flotation but the C12 amine flotation of quartz was observed to be pH and concentration dependent. It was observed that hematite flotation recovery is maximum at acidic pH with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), neutral pH with oleate, and at basic pH about 9.5 with C12 amine. Flotation results with both quartz and hematite indicate an increased adsorption of cationic collector in the presence of anionic collector apart from its own co-adsorption. The incorporation of oleate in between C12 amine molecules decreases the electrostatic head-head repulsion and thereby increasing the adsorption of C12 amine due to attractive tail-tail hydrophobic bonds, besides forming a closely packed adsorbed layer enhancing the hydrophobicity. The increase in oleate concentration beyond C12 amine concentration leads to the formation of soluble diamine-oleate complex / precipitate and the adsorption of these species decreased the flotation since the alkyl chains are in chaotical orientation with a conceivable number of head groups directing towards the solution phase

Novel cell adhesion/migration pathways are predictive markers of HDAC inhibitor resistance in cutaneous T cell lymphoma

BACKGROUND: Treatment for Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma (CTCL) is generally not curative. Therefore, selecting therapy that is effective and tolerable is critical to clinical decision-making. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), epigenetic modifier drugs, are commonly used but effective in only ~30% of patients. There are no predictive markers of HDACi response and the CTCL histone acetylation landscape remains unmapped. We sought to identify pre-treatment molecular markers of resistance in CTCL that progressed on HDACi therapy. METHODS: Purified T cells from 39 pre/post-treatment peripheral blood samples and skin biopsies from 20 patients were subjected to RNA-seq and ChIP-seq for histone acetylation marks (H3K14/9 ac, H3K27ac). We correlated significant differences in histone acetylation with gene expression in HDACi-resistant/sensitive CTCL. We extended these findings in additional CTCL patient cohorts (RNA-seq, microarray) and using ELISA in matched CTCL patient plasma. FINDINGS: Resistant CTCL exhibited high levels of histone acetylation, which correlated with increased expression of 338 genes (FDR \u3c 0·05), including some novel to CTCL: BIRC5 (anti-apoptotic); RRM2 (cell cycle); TXNDC5, GSTM1 (redox); and CXCR4, LAIR2 (cell adhesion/migration). Several of these, including LAIR2, were elevated pre-treatment in HDACi-resistant CTCL. In CTCL patient plasma (n = 6), LAIR2 protein was also elevated (p \u3c 0·01) compared to controls. INTERPRETATION: This study is the first to connect genome-wide differences in chromatin acetylation and gene expression to HDACi-resistance in primary CTCL. Our results identify novel markers with high pre-treatment expression, such as LAIR2, as potential prognostic and/or predictors of HDACi-resistance in CTCL. FUNDING: NIH:CA156690, CA188286; NCATS: WU-ICTS UL1 TR000448; Siteman Cancer Center: CA091842

Detection of Multi-drug Resistant \u3cem\u3eEscherichia coli\u3c/em\u3e in the Urban Waterways of Milwaukee, WI

Urban waterways represent a natural reservoir of antibiotic resistance which may provide a source of transferable genetic elements to human commensal bacteria and pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from the urban waterways of Milwaukee, WI compared to those from Milwaukee sewage and a clinical setting in Milwaukee. Antibiotics covering 10 different families were utilized to determine the phenotypic antibiotic resistance for all 259 E. coli isolates. All obtained isolates were determined to be multi-drug resistant. The E. coli isolates were also screened for the presence of the genetic determinants of resistance including ermB (macrolide resistance), tet(M) (tetracycline resistance), and β-lactamases (blaOXA, blaSHV, and blaPSE). E. coli from urban waterways showed a greater incidence of antibiotic resistance to 8 of 17 antibiotics tested compared to human derived sources. These E. coli isolates also demonstrated a greater incidence of resistance to higher numbers of antibiotics compared to the human derived isolates. The urban waterways demonstrated a greater abundance of isolates with co-occurrence of antibiotic resistance than human derived sources. When screened for five different antibiotic resistance genes conferring macrolide, tetracycline, and β-lactam resistance, clinical E. coli isolates were more likely to harbor ermB and blaOXA than isolates from urban waterway. These results indicate that Milwaukee’s urban waterways may select or allow for a greater incidence of multiple antibiotic resistance organisms and likely harbor a different antibiotic resistance gene pool than clinical sources. The implications of this study are significant to understanding the presence of resistance in urban freshwater environments by supporting the idea that sediment from urban waterways serves as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance

Behavior of Reduced Beam Section Moment Connection with Varying Thickness of Continuity Plate

Reduced beam section (RBS) connection is investigated and is widely used in US, Japan and Europe. However, very limited study is conducted with respect to Indian profiles. This study is conducted to give advantageous factors related to RBS connections with continuity plate (CP) and to learn usefulness of those connections for Indian sections. Analytical work of reduced beam section moment connections by providing continuity plates of varying thickness under monotonic drift is presented in this paper. The model is created with finite element method (FEM) and analyzed by ANSYS workbench 16.0 software. Observations were noted for the connections with varying thickness of continuity plates and without continuity plates respectively. Similarity of the results is observed between the, the connections with CP having same thickness of beam flange and with CP having half the thickness of beam flang

Simple Pendulum Revisited

We describe a 8085 microprocessor interface developed to make reliable time period measurements. The time period of each oscillation of a simple pendulum was measured using this interface. The variation of the time period with increasing oscillation was studied for the simple harmonic motion (SHM) and for large angle initial displacements (non-SHM). The results underlines the importance of the precautions which the students are asked to take while performing the pendulum experiment.Comment: 17 pages with 10 figure