Влияние долговой устойчивости госкомпаний на внешний корпоративный долг России в условиях санкций

The subject of the research is the influence of the debt burden of state-owned companies on the dynamics of Russia’s corporate external debt. The relevance is due to the unprecedented combination of sanctions in 2022, which created default risks of national companies. The goal of the article is to identify factors influencing changes in the amount of external debt. Based on a quarterly sample for 2010–2019 (37 observations), using the least squares method (LSM), a regression model was built for the dependence of corporate debt dynamics on micro– and macroeconomic factors (debt service ratio and credit rating of companies, foreign assets, ACRA financial stress index, rate changes of USD/RUB, credit default swap (CDS), export volume, balance of payments). An analysis of their credit risk was carried out by comparing the dynamics of the debt sustainability ratio (DSR) with the rating and cost of CDS, and the quarterly income support of debt was calculated. As a result of testing the hypotheses, a positive relationship was revealed between DSR and ratings of state-owned companies for changes in banks’ external debt, while for enterprises they do not play a key role. It was concluded that the growth of loan premiums in 2014–2015 was due to political factors, and by the new crisis, the companies had accumulated reserves for absorbing the shock. Measures are proposed to reduce debt risks – coordination of debt policy, debt «import substitution», monitoring of new financial indicators of companies, control of cross-border capital flow, etc.Предмет исследования – влияние долговой нагрузки госкомпаний на динамику внешнего корпоративного долга России. Актуальность обусловлена беспрецедентной комбинацией санкций в 2022 г., которые создали риски дефолта национальных компаний. Цель статьи – выявление факторов, влияющих на изменения величины объема внешнего долга. На основе поквартальной выборки за 2010–2019 гг. (37 наблюдений) методом наименьших квадратов (МНК) построена регрессионная модель зависимости динамики корпоративного долга от микро- и макроэкономических факторов [коэффициента обслуживания долга и кредитного рейтинга компаний, иностранных активов, индекса финансового стресса АКРА, изменения курса USDRUB, кредитно-дефолтного свопа (CDS), объема экспорта, величины платежного баланса]. Проведен анализ их кредитного риска путем сравнения динамики коэффициента долговой устойчивости (DSR) с рейтингом и стоимостью CDS, рассчитано поквартальное обеспечение долга доходом. В результате проверки гипотез выявлена положительная взаимосвязь DSR и рейтингов госкомпаний на изменения внешнего долга банков, тогда как для предприятий они не играют ключевой роли. Сделан вывод, что рост кредитных премий в 2014–2015 гг. был обусловлен политическими факторами, а к новому кризису компании накопили резервы для нивелирования шока. Предложены меры по снижению долговых рисков – координация заемной политики, долговое «импортозамещение», мониторинг новых финансовых показателей компаний, контроль трансграничного движения капитала и др

New faces in plant innate immunity: heterotrimeric G proteins

Co-existence of species seems to inevitably result in origin of parasitism and hence development of molecular mechanisms of attack and defense. Certain similarities between plant and animal defense systems point to an ancient inheritance of the innate immunity. Heterotrimeric G proteins are structurally conserved signaling molecules connecting plasma membrane bound receptors to cytoplasmic effectors. They were found in most eukaryotic organisms. Their role in human pathophysiology and animal diseases was well established. In plants these proteins were also recently implicated in innate immunity. However, molecular mechanisms governed by G proteins and providing resistance against plant pathogens seem to be different from those in animal systems and largely remain elusive. In this review we attempted to sketch current ideas of plant defense system and to present a contemporary status of heterotrimeric G proteins in plant innate immunity