Variações anuais na produção de frutos de castanha-da-amazônia no sul do Amapá.

A castanha-da-amazônia é uma espécie típica da região. Além da sua importância para o setor alimentício e de cosméticos, também é considerada alimento funcional e pode prevenir algumas enfermidades. Com isso, tem aumentado a demanda pela produção de castanha. Todavia, estudos sobre a variação anual na oferta de castanha ainda são incipientes. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a produção de frutos da castanheira, ao longo dos anos e em diferentes ambientes no sul do Amapá

Monitoramento da produção de frutos da castanheira-da-amazônia no sul do Amapá.

A castanheira (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) é nativa da Amazônia, fonte de alimentação e renda para muitos agroextrativistas, tendo ganhado notoriedade na indústria cosmética e alimentícia. A produção de seus frutos (ouriços) pode variar ao longo dos anos, em função do ambiente e de atributos das próprias castanheiras. Dessa forma, objetivou-se analisar a variação da produção de frutos em ambientes florestais distintos e verificar a relação da distribuição diamétrica com a produção

Morphology, germination, and geographic distribution of Pentaclethra macroloba (Fabaceae): a hyperdominant Amazonian tree.

Introduction: Pentaclethra macroloba is a hyperdominant tree in the Amazon estuary of great socioeconomic importance for the region because the oil from its seeds is a powerful herbal medicine. Objective: We aimed to characterize the morphological structure, the morphological adaptations in response to the daily flooding of the Amazon estuary and the biogeographic area of P. macroloba. Methods: Detailed description of the external morphology, from germination to the adult tree, was obtained from individuals located in floodplain forest, Northeast Amazonia. The occupation area and the geographical extension of P. macroloba were determined from point of geographical coordinates of botanical samples deposited in the digital collections of Mobot and SpeciesLink. Results: Adult individuals have adapted structures in response to daily flooding, such as: adventitious roots to increase respiratory efficiency and lenticels in the trunk, serving as a connection point for oxygen transport between the root and the aerial part. Dried fruit favours the activation of the explosive dehiscence mechanism, allowing the seed to be expelled long distance. Deltoid shape of the seed allows water fluctuation and more efficient dispersal. Seedling is phanerocotylar hypogeal and with one pair of reserve cotyledons that provide the seedling an extra source of energy to escape the flood. Germination rate was 78 % and the speed was 0.2 seeds.day-1. Circular buffer method revealed the presence of 123 subpopulations of P. macroloba distributed in a radius of 5 699 943 km² across the Neotropical region. Conclusions: Much of the morphological structures of P. macroloba are adaptive and evolutionary responses to the periodically flooded environment of the Amazon estuary, showing that these environments select the trees, best adapted, to inhabit the flood. P. macroloba has a wide geographical area denotes the plasticity of adapting to different environments, which may justify its monodominance in some regions

Strong El Niño reduces fruit production of Brazil-nut trees in the eastern Amazon.

The Brazil-nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa) is native to the Amazon rainforest, and its fruit production varies naturally with climatic conditions. Our aim was to evaluate the temporal variation in Brazil-nut production associated with climatic variables, including the strong El Niño of 2015/2016. The study was carried out in two 9-ha permanent plots in the northeastern Brazilian Amazon from 2007 to 2018: one in forest (12-year monitoring) and the other in savannah/forest transition (eight years). Overall, we monitored fruit production of 205 trees with diameter at breast height ≥ 50 cm. Annual fruit production was related to temporal series (2005-2018) of climatic data (the Oceanic Niño Index; and precipitation and air temperature from two local meteorological stations). Average fruit production per tree in 2017 was eight times lower than in 2015 and two times lower than the general average for both sites, and was significantly associated to the El Niño of 2015/2016, that increased average maximum monthly temperature and reduced the precipitation in the region, extending the dry season from three to six months. Years with higher and lower fruit production per tree coincided in both sites. Annual fruit production was significantly and negatively correlated with thermal anomalies that occurred in the third semester prior to harvest monitoring. Years with higher production were related with predominance of neutrality or the La Niña phenomenon at the global scale, and higher rainfall at the local scale. The relationship of fruit production with climate was independent of the local habitat

Estrutura populacional, dinâmica da produção de frutos e produtividade.

Neste capítulo, o foco será a análise da variação da produtividade e da produção efetiva de castanhais nativos em diferentes regiões e durante vários anos de monitoramento bem como nas relações com a estrutura das populações. Assim, objetiva-se apresentar padrões de estrutura vertical e horizontal de castanheiras na Amazônia brasileira de modo a verificar também a associação entre variáveis como diâmetro, altura e volume. Atributos da estrutura horizontal, como a densidade, serão analisados para verificar se a produtividade é mais dependente da abundância de castanheiras do que de sua produção média individual. A produtividade, a produção efetiva de castanha e a variação temporal na produção de frutos serão avaliadas em diferentes ambientes e regiões da Amazônia.ODS 2, ODS 3, ODS 8, ODS 11, ODS 12, ODS 13, ODS 17