The first preliminary ruling on the third pillar - a review: Gözütok and Brügge case

Hiç kimsenin aynı eyleminden dolayı birden çok kez kovuşturulamayacağı ya da aynı eylemden ötürü mükerrer yargılama ve cezalandırılmaya izin verilemeyeceği anlamına gelen ne bis in idem ilkesinin ulusal sınırları aşan şekilde uygulanmasının bir örneğini Schengen Uygulama Sözleşmesi'nin 54. maddesinde bulmak mümkündür. ATAD, söz konusu maddenin uygulanma kapsamını netleştirmek imkânını Gözütok ve Brügge kararı ile elde etmiştir. Söz konusu karar, özgürlük, güvenlik ve adalet alanının hayata geçirilebilmesi bakımından bütünüyle usule ilişkin şartların bir engel teşkil etmemesi gerektiğini; şekilden ziyade sonucun, başka bir deyişle ceza muhakemesi sürecine devam edilmemesi yönündeki kararın verilebilmesi için öngörülen yükümlülüklerin yaptırım karakterinin daha önemli olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışmada ATAD'ın söz konusu kararını gerekçelendirirken tek pazarın kurulmasında yararlandığı ilkelerden yardım almış olması esas alınarak, Divan'ın bu kez III. sütun kapsamında dönüştürücü bir rol üstlenmeye hazır olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Bu tespit yapılmakla birlikte gerçekleştirilmesinin zorlu bir sürece işaret ettiği; zira bunun temel haklar, özgürlük, güvenlik ve adalet alanının gerekleri ile üye devletlerin açık istekleri arasında doğru dengenin kurulmasına bağlı olduğu göz ardı edilmemektedir.Article 54 of the Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement constitutes an example of transnational application of the ne bis in idem principle which means that no one should face more than one prosecution for the same offence or that no one should be punished twice for the same offence. ECJ had the opportunity to clarify the scope of application of this article in Gözütok and Brügge case. In this case, the Court has stated that purely procedural matters should not become an obstacle for the implementation of the area of freedom, security and justice. In other words, the result of the procedure, the sanctioning character of the conditions that need to be met in order for the decision to discontinue the criminal proceedings to be made becomes important rather than the form. In the light of the fact that the Court has made use of the principles it previously relied on in its case law concerning the single market, it will be emphasized in this study that the Court is ready to take on a transformative role in relation to matters of third pillar. However this is not to deny that this process is hard to realize since it involves achieving the right balance among fundamental rights of the individual, the requirements of the area of freedom, security and justice and the explicit intentions of the EU Member States

Investigation of the peripheral inflammation (neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio) in two neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD) are the neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Cognitive impairment is on the forefront in AD. However, IPD is a movement disorder. Inflammation was suggested to have an effect in the pathophysiology of these two diseases. Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was shown to be a possible marker showing the peripheral inflammation. We aimed to investigate the NLR of patiens with the diagnosis of AD, and IPD, and individuals with no neurodegenerative disease. Materials and methods: A total of 100 patients with the diagnosis of IPD, and 94 with diagnosis of AD, and 61 healthy controls were included into the study. All the demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were retrospectively obtained from the hospital automated database system. Results: The NLR in the IPD group was found statistically significantly higher compared with the control group and the AD group (p < 0.001, p = 0.04, respectively). The age-adjusted values were statistically analyzed because of age difference. No statistically significant difference was detected between AD and control groups in terms of NLR (p = 0.6). The age-adjusted NLR value in the Parkinson’s group was found significantly higher compared to the control group (p = 0.02) and Alzheimer’s group (p = 0.03). Discussion: Chronic inflammation has an important role in the emergence and progression of the chronic neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS. Our results show that the inflammation in the peripheral blood in IPD was more significant compared with the inflammation in AD. © 2021, Fondazione Società Italiana di Neurologia

Evaluating Current Logistics Facilities with Analytical Hyepapchy Process (AHP) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

Abstract. Logistics facilities which have important position within logistics supply chain are established in order for the demanded goods to be supplied on time, with the minimum cost and in the shortest duration. Given the cost and time factors, the location of such facilities should be selected very carefully and effectively. Especially, a quick settlement in logistics manner is experienced depending on transportation network, work force, proximity to market and raw materials of the times following the industrialization period after establishing the Republic. Nowadays, with the development of transportation and the communication systems as well as technology transportation costs decreased and the facilities and possibilities transport from one place to another increased. For this reason, like the private sector the public institutions and organizations began to shrink, shut down or merge their facilities. This situation was brought to reconsider the existing facilities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and analyze current six logistics facilities with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Analyses results will contribute the decision of revising logistics facilities for which are planned to be restructured. Moreover, suggestions are presented for proper ones to continue operating, for improper ones to get closed or transferred to another place.Keywords. Analytic Hierarchy Process, (AHP), Geographic Information Systems, (GIS), Facility Site Selection.JEL. J61, L86, Q55

Forecasting natural gas consumption in Istanbul using neural networks and multivariate time series methods

Due to copyright restrictions, the access to the full text of this article is only available via subscription.The fast changes and developments in the world's economy have substantially increased energy consumption. Consequently, energy planning has become more critical and important. Forecasting is one of the main tools utilized in energy planning. Recently developed computational techniques such as genetic algorithms have led to easily produced and accurate forecasts. In this paper, a natural gas consumption forecasting methodology is developed and implemented with state-of-the-art techniques. We show that our forecasts are quite close to real consumption values. Accurate forecasting of natural gas consumption is extremely critical as the majority of purchasing agreements made are based on predictions. As a result, if the forecasts are not done correctly, either unused natural gas amounts must be paid or there will be shortages of natural gas in the planning periods

Fiber Path Optimization of Symmetric Laminates with Cutouts for Thermal Buckling

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143111/1/1.C033866.pd

Utjecaj zamrzavanja i metoda ambalažiranja na udjel organskih kiselina kozjeg sira tijekom skladištenja

Effects of freezing and packaging methods on organic acid content of goat cheese during 12 weeks of storage were determined. Goat cheese milk curds were divided into two batches; one of the batches was directly processed in to goat cheese while the other was frozen at -18 °C and stored for six months and processed into cheese after being thawed. Cheese samples were packed in three parts and stored at 4 °C refrigerated control sample and at -18 °C for six months frozen experimental samples. Cheese samples were packed in three different packaging methods: aerobic, vacuum or modified atmosphere. Citric, malic, fumaric, acetic, lactic, pyruvic and propionic acids were analyzed using HPLC method after 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th week of storage period. Lactic acid was the main organic acids while pyruvic acid had the lowest content in all cheese samples. Citric and fumaric acid levels of frozen samples increased during storage whereas malic, acetic, pyruvic and propionic acid amounts were decreased compared to the beginning of storage. Packaging methods and freezing process also effected lactic acid levels statistically (p<0.05). Fumaric, acetic and lactic acid concentration of refrigerated samples were increased but citric, malic and propionic acids decreased during storage. Pyruvic acid level did not change significantly. It was determined that organic acid concentrations were effected by freezing process, storage time and packaging methods significantly (p<0.05).U istraživanju je utvrđen utjecaj zamrzavanja i metoda ambalažiranja na udjel organskih kiselina kozjeg sira tijekom 12 tjedana skladištenja. Gruš sira od kozjeg mlijeka bio je podijeljen u dva dijela - kao kontrolni uzorak pohranjen u hladnjaku na 4 °C i kao zamrznuti eksperimentalni uzorak na -18 °C tijekom šest mjeseci. Nakon toga, sirevi su pakirani trima različitim metodama pakiranja: aerobnom, vakuum ili modificiranom atmosferom. Citronska, jabučna, mravlja, octena, mliječna, pirogrožđana i propionska kiselina analizirane su HPLC metodom nakon 1., 3., 6., 9. i 12. tjedna razdoblja čuvanja. Mliječna kiselina bila je najvažnija organska kiselina, dok je pirogrožđana imala najniži udjel u svim uzorcima sira. Tijekom skladištenja došlo je do povećanja udjela citronske i mravlje kiseline smrznutih uzoraka, dok su udjeli jabučne, octene, pirogrožđane i propionske kiseline opadali u odnosu na početak pohrane. Metode pakiranja i proces zamrzavanja također su statistički utjecali na udjel mliječne kiseline (p<0,05). Koncentracije mravlje, octene i mliječne kiseline ohlađenih uzoraka bile su povećane, dok su citronske, jabučne i propionske kiseline opadale tijekom skladištenja. Razina pirogrožđane kiseline nije se značajno promijenila. Utvrđen je statistički značajan utjecaj procesa zamrzavanja, vremena pohrane i metoda pakiranja na koncentracije organskih kiselina (p <0,05)

Koncentracije serumskog prokalcitonina i C-reaktivnog proteina u pasa s degenerativnom bolešću mitralnog zaliska i infektivnim endokarditisom

This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) concentrations in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) and infective endocarditis. It also aimed to evaluate whether there is a relationship between the degree of disease and serum PCT and CRP concentrations. A total of 100 dogs with MVD were prospectively recruited into the study. According to clinical/laboratory signs and echocardiography, the dogs were divided into infective and degenerative groups. The degenerative group was also classified into four stages based on the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) guidelines (Stages A-D). Serum PCT and CRP concentrations were determined with dog-specific commercial test kits. The serum CRP (P<0.05) and PCT (P<0.001) concentrations in the infective group were significantly higher than the degenerative group. In the degenerative group, the serum CRP concentration of stage D dogs was significantly higher than the other stages (P<0.001), and the degree of disease correlated significantly positively with serum CRP concentration (r=0.531 P=0.000). In conclusion, serum CRP and PCT concentrations may aid traditional diagnostic techniques to differentiate infective and degenerative mitral valve disease. This study also demonstrated that serum CRP concentrations were elevated in Stage D dogs, and that there is a positive correlation between the degree of disease and serum CRP concentration. This can be useful in determining the severity of the inflammatory state in dogs with DMVD.Cilj rada bio je istražiti kliničku važnost serumskih koncentracija C-reaktivnog proteina (CRP) i prokalcitonina (PCT) u pasa s degenerativnom bolešću mitralnog zaliska (DMVD) i infektivnim endokarditisom. Također, cilj je bio i procijeniti postoji li povezanost između stupnja bolesti i serumskih koncentracija PCT-a i CRP-a. U prospektivno istraživanje uključeno je ukupno je 100 pasa s MVD-om. Prema kliničko laboratorijskim znakovima i ehokardiografiji psi su podijeljeni u skupinu s infektivnom i skupinu s degenerativnom bolešću. Psi s degenerativnom bolešću razvrstani su u četiri stadija (A-D) prema smjernicama American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM). Koncentracije serumskog PCT-a i CRP-a određene su komercijalnim testnim setovima specifičnima za pse. Koncentracije serumskog CRP-a i PCT-a u skupini pasa s infektivnom bolešću bile su znakovito više (P<0,05 i P<0,001) nego one u skupini pasa s degenerativnom bolešću. U skupini s degenerativnom bolešću serumske koncentracije CRP-a u pasa sa stadijem D bile su znakovito više nego u pasa s ostalim stadijima (P<0,001). Stupanj bolesti bio je u znakovitoj pozitivnoj korelaciji sa serumskim koncentracijama CRP-a (r = 0,531, P=0,000). Zaključno, serumske koncentracije CRP-a i PCT-a mogu pomoći tradicionalnim dijagnostičkim metodama u razlikovanju infektivne i degenerativne bolesti mitralnog zaliska. Istraživanje je pokazalo i povišene serumske koncentracije CRP-a u pasa sa stadijem D te pozitivnu korelaciju između stupnja bolesti i koncentracije CRP-a. Navedeno može biti korisno pri procjeni težine upalnog stanja u pasa s DMVD-om

III. Sütuna İlişkin İlk Ön Karar Davası - Gözütok ve Brügge Kararına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme

Article 54 of the Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement constitutes an example of transnational application of the ne bis in idem principle which means that no one should face more than one prosecution for the same offence or that no one should be punished twice for the same offence. ECJ had the opportunity to clarify the scope of application of this article in Gözütok and Brügge case. In this case, the Court has stated that purely procedural matters should not become an obstacle for the implementation of the area of freedom, security and justice. In other words, the result of the procedure, the sanctioning character of the conditions that need to be met in order for the decision to discontinue the criminal proceedings to be made becomes important rather than the form. In the light of the fact that the Court has made use of the principles it previously relied on in its case law concerning the single market, it will be emphasized in this study that the Court is ready to take on a transformative role in relation to matters of third pillar. However this is not to deny that this process is hard to realize since it involves achieving the right balance among fundamental rights of the individual, the requirements of the area of freedom, security and justice and the explicit intentions of the EU Member States.Hiç kimsenin aynı eyleminden dolayı birden çok kez kovuşturulamayacağı ya da aynı eylemden ötürü mükerrer yargılama ve cezalandırılmaya izin verilemeyeceği anlamına gelen ne bis in idem ilkesinin ulusal sınırları aşan şekilde uygulanmasının bir örneğini Schengen Uygulama Sözleşmesi'nin 54. maddesinde bulmak mümkündür. ATAD, söz konusu maddenin uygulanma kapsamını netleştirmek imkânını Gözütok ve Brügge kararı ile elde etmiştir. Söz konusu karar, özgürlük, güvenlik ve adalet alanının hayata geçirilebilmesi bakımından bütünüyle usule ilişkin şartların bir engel teşkil etmemesi gerektiğini; şekilden ziyade sonucun, başka bir deyişle ceza muhakemesi sürecine devam edilmemesi yönündeki kararın verilebilmesi için öngörülen yükümlülüklerin yaptırım karakterinin daha önemli olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışmada ATAD'ın söz konusu kararını gerekçelendirirken tek pazarın kurulmasında yararlandığı ilkelerden yardım almış olması esas alınarak, Divan'ın bu kez III. sütun kapsamında dönüştürücü bir rol üstlenmeye hazır olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Bu tespit yapılmakla birlikte gerçekleştirilmesinin zorlu bir sürece işaret ettiği; zira bunun temel haklar, özgürlük, güvenlik ve adalet alanının gerekleri ile üye devletlerin açık istekleri arasında doğru dengenin kurulmasına bağlı olduğu göz ardı edilmemektedir