Inverse approach to Einstein's equations for fluids with vanishing anisotropic stress tensor

We expand previous work on an inverse approach to Einstein Field Equations where we include fluids with energy flux and consider the vanishing of the anisotropic stress tensor. We consider the approach using warped product spacetimes of class $B_1$. Although restricted, these spacetimes include many exact solutions of interest to compact object studies and to cosmological models studies. The question explored here is as follows: given a spacetime metric, what fluid flow (timelike congruence), if any, could generate the spacetime via Einstein's equations. We calculate the flow from the condition of a vanishing anisotropic stress tensor and give results in terms of the metric functions in the three canonical types of coordinates. A condition for perfect fluid sources is also provided. The framework developed is algorithmic and suited for the study and validation of exact solutions using computer algebra systems. The framework can be applied to solutions in comoving and non-comoving frames of reference, and examples in different types of coordinates are worked out.Comment: 15 pages, matches version to appear in Phys.Rev.

Local cosmic string and C-field

We investigate a local cosmic string with a phenomenological energy momentum tensor as prescribed by Vilenkin, in presence of C-field . The solutions of full nonlinear Einstein's equations for exterior and interior regions of such a string are presented.Comment: 7 page

Carrier Transport in Magnesium Diboride: Role of Nano-inclusions

Anisotropic-gap and two-band effects smear out the superconducting transition (Tc) in literature reported thermal conductivity of MgB2, where large electronic contributions also suppress anomaly-manifestation in their negligible phononic-parts. Present thermal transport results on scarcely explored specimens featuring nano-inclusions exhibit a small but clear Tc-signature, traced to relatively appreciable phononic conduction, and its dominant electronic-scattering. The self-formed MgO as extended defects strongly scatter the charge carriers and minutely the phonons with their longer-mean-free-path near Tc. Conversely, near room temperature, the shorter-dominant-wavelength phonon's transport is hugely affected by these nanoparticles, undergoing ballistic to diffusive crossover and eventually entering the Ioffe-Regel mobility threshold regime.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, 28 reference

Microwave properties of DyBa_2Cu_3O_(7-x) monodomains and related compounds in magnetic fields

We present a microwave characterization of a DyBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O$_{7-x}$ single domain, grown by the top-seeded melt-textured technique. We report the (a,b) plane field-induced surface resistance, $\Delta R_s(H)$, at 48.3 GHz, measured by means of a cylindrical metal cavity in the end-wall-replacement configuration. Changes in the cavity quality factor Q against the applied magnetic field yield $\Delta R_s(H)$ at fixed temperatures. The temperature range [70 K ; T_c] was explored. The magnetic field $\mu_0 H <$ 0.8 T was applied along the c axis. The field dependence of $\Delta R_s(H)$ does not exhibit the steep, step-like increase at low fields typical of weak-links. This result indicates the single-domain character of the sample under investigation. $\Delta R_s(H)$ exhibits a nearly square-root dependence on H, as expected for fluxon motion. From the analysis of the data in terms of motion of Abrikosov vortices we estimate the temperature dependences of the London penetration depth $\lambda$ and the vortex viscosity $\eta$, and their zero-temperature values $\lambda(0)=$165 nm and $\eta(0)=$ 3 10$^{-7}$ Nsm$^{-2}$, which are found in excellent agreement with reported data in YBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O$_{7-x}$ single crystals. Comparison of microwave properties with those of related samples indicate the need for reporting data as a function of T/T_c in order to obtain universal laws.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, LaTeX, submitted to Journal of Applied Physic

A selected history of expectation bias in physics

The beliefs of physicists can bias their results towards their expectations in a number of ways. We survey a variety of historical cases of expectation bias in observations, experiments, and calculations.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure

Structural and superconducting properties of R1 – xCaxBa2Cu3O7 – delta with 0.50 \u3e= x \u3e= 0.00

We report here a consolidated study of structural and superconducting properties of Ca substituted R1-xCaxBa2Cu3O7-δ system, with R=Er, Y, Sm, and Nd, and for 0.50\u3e~x\u3e~0.00. Interestingly, with increasing x, Er/Y samples show a behavior significantly different from Sm/Nd. In particular (1) orthorhombic distortion of R:123 lattice is found to be little affected for Er/Y samples with increasing x in comparison to Sm/Nd samples, (2) although Ca substitution leads to oxygen depletion for all the four sets of samples, the average Cu valence is, in general, found to remain invariant with x, (3) ρ(T) is found to show an upward curvature for Er/Y samples, which is absent for the Sm/Nd samples, and (4) Tc(ρ=0) as a function of x and δ shows a much steeper decrease in Er/Y based samples, than in Sm/Nd based ones. Our results unequivocally point to a different structural order or disorder in Er/Y samples as compared to Sm/Nd based samples. We suggest that different site preferences of oxygen vacancies, predominantly created in CuO2 planes (CuO chains) of Er and Y (Sm and Nd) based samples, might be responsible for the observed difference in the behavior. This contention is supported by a host of other considerations and experimental observations

A flat space-time model of the Universe

We propose a model of the Universe based on Minkowski flat space-time metric. In this model the space-time does not evolve. Instead the matter evolves such that all the mass parameters increase with time. We construct a model based on unimodular gravity to show how this can be accomplished within the framework of flat space-time. We show that the model predicts the Hubble law if the masses increase with time. Furthermore we show that it fits the high z supernova data in a manner almost identical to the standard Big Bang model. Furthermore we show that at early times the Universe is dominated by radiative energy density. The phenomenon of recombination also arises in our model and hence predicts the existence of CMBR. However a major difference with the standard Big Bang is that the radiative temperature and energy density does not evolve in our model. Furthermore we argue that the basic motivation for inflation is absent in our model.Comment: 11 pages, no figures, changes in presentatio

Transformation kinetics of A-15 superconductors formed by solid state reactions

Various fabrication processes devised for making multifilamentary A-15 super-conductors are all based on solid state reactions, transforming the host metal into the binary A-15 phase. The kinetics of the growth process involved in the compound formation form the theme of this paper