Plurality in the Measurement of Social Media Use and Mental Health: An Exploratory Study Among Adolescents and Young Adults

On a daily basis, individuals between 12 and 25 years of age engage with their mobile devices for many hours. Social Media Use (SMU) has important implications for the social life of younger individuals in particular. However, measuring SMU and its effects often poses challenges to researchers. In this exploratory study, we focus on some of these challenges, by addressing how plurality in the measurement and age-specific characteristics of SMU can influence its relationship with measures of subjective mental health (MH). We conducted a survey among a nationally representative sample of Dutch adolescents and young adults (N=3,669). Using these data, we show that measures of SMU show little similarity with each other, and that age-group differences underlie SMU. Similar to the small associations previously shown in social media-effects research, we also find some evidence that greater SMU associates to drops and to increases in MH. Albeit nuanced, associations between SMU and MH were found to be characterized by both linear and quadratic functions. These findings bear implications for the level of association between different measures of SMU and its theorized relationship with other dependent variables of interest in media-effects research

Proba zbadania wplywu dodatku jonow magnezowych na zmiany poziomu azotanow i azotynow w wybranych kiszonkach warzywnych

Sprawdzono oddziaływanie jonów magnezowych na aktywność reduktazy azotanowej kapusty głowiastej białej, a następnie zbadano ich wpływ na zmiany poziomu azotanów i azotynów w niektórych kiszonkach warzywnych. Uzyskane wyniki badań wykazały, że jony magnezowe powodowały istotny wzrost aktywności reduktazy azotanowej, a dodatek w odpowiednich ilościach chlorku magnezu do surowca w czasie przygotowywania do kiszenia spowodował istotny spadek zarówno poziomu azotanów jak i azotynów.The aim of this study was to examine the effect of magnesium ions on some changes in the nitrate reductase activity in the white headed cabbage as well as a practical application of the results obtained in vegetable souring. As experimental material were used: white and red headed cabbage, red beets and the same vegetable in the soured form. Vegetable souring was performed using a traditional method as well as a modified one, considiering a supplement of magnesium chloride at various levels during the process of souring. The activity of nitrate reductase in the white headed cabbage was determined by the Jaworski method. In raw and soured vegetables the level of nitrates was determined by brucine method and that of nitrites by the Griess colorimetric method. A supplement of magnesium ions to the incubation mixture containing raw white cabbage resulted in an increased activity of the studied enzyme by 17,0-34,8% and was significant in all magnesium ions concetrations used. The introduction of adequate amounts of magnesium chloride to soured vegetable production resulted also in a significant decrease in the nitrate and nitrite levels. An organoleptic evaluation of soured vegetables made by a traditional method and by using a supplement high quality, although the smell of white headed cabbage and "beet acid" has slightly however, significantly deteriorated

An attempt to investigate the effect of magnesium ions and vitamin C on the activity of nitrate reductase of white headed cabbage

W kapuście głowiastej białej oznaczono aktywność reduktazy azotanowej, poziom magnezu i poziom witaminy C. Następnie zbadano wpływ jonów magnezowych i witaminy C na zmiany aktywności enzymu. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że zarówno jony magnezowe jak i witamina C (w zakresie stosowanych stężeń) istotnie wzmagały aktywność reduktazy azotanowej kapusty.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of magnesium ions and vitamin C on changes in the activity of nitrate reductase of white headed cabbage. During storage of cabbage the activity of nitrate reductase was investigated by the Jaworski method, the level of magnesium by complexometronic method and the level of vitamin C by the Pijanowski method. In addition, the effect of a supplement of magnesium and vitamin C on some changes in the activity of the enzyme was tested. For this puropse, to the incubation mixture, containing the material under study, magnesium ions in the form of magnesium chloride or vitamin C were added in respective quantities. It was found that the nitrate reductase activity as well as the level of magnesium and vitamin C are decreasing towards the inside layers of headed cabbage. Statistical evaluation of the results indicates a high by significant correlation between factors under study. A supplement of magnesium ions or vitamin C to the investigated cabbage significanty incerases the activity of the enzyme

Wplyw procesu fermentacji na zmiane poziomu azotanow i azotynow w wybranych warzywach

Badano zmiany poziomu azotanów i azotynów w czasie procesu fermentacji kapoty głowiastej białej, czerwonej oraz buraków ćwikłowych. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na wysoce istotny wpływ tego procesu na redukcję zarówno azotanów jak i azotynów.The aim of this study was to follow the changes in the levels of nitrates and nitrites throughout the process of fermentation of sauerkraut from white and red cabbage and red beets. The nitrate and nitrite levels were determinated in raw and fermentation as well as in red beets and "beet acid" after a week of souring. Nitrate were determinated by the brudne method, while nitrates by the Griess colorimetric method. Mean reduction of nitrates in sauerkraut (in relation to raw cabbage) was ca. 55.5% and that of nitrites ca. 76.7%. In the red sour cabbage a decrease in the level of nitrates in relation to the product by ca. 84.1% and in that of nitrites by ca. 67.4% was found. The stabilization of both nitrate levels in both kinds of cabbages followed as after the second month of storage, as confirmed by statistical analysis of the results. In the red beets after the process of fermentation a decrease in the level of nitrates by ca. 91.6% was noted. An undefined portion of the studied compounds passed into the liquid. The "beet acid" contained 595.9 mg/dm1 of nitrates and 3.26mg/dm3 of nitrites

The changes in nitrate and nitrite levels in carrot-roots under storage in the clamp

W korzeniach pięciu odmian marchwi przed zakopcowaniem i po otwarciu kopca po 6-miesięcznym przechowywaniu badano poziom azotanów i azotynów. Stwierdzono istotny spadek zawartości tych związków u wszystkich przebadanych odmian z wyjątkiem odmiany Koral, u której nastąpił istotny wzrost azotanów, a u odmiany Bercoro wzrost azotanów nie był istotny.The aim of this study was the determine the nitrate and nitrite contents in edible parts of 5 varieties of carrot, before clamping and after uncovering, in fresh carrot and dry matter. The colorimetric methods of Griess with modified by Romminger and Stran were used. Dry matter was determined with a drier. Statistical significance of differences in the levels of the studied compounds was calculated by a two-ways analysis of variance. In the studied carrot before damping ave. 406,6 mg KNO3/kg and 4,1 mg NaNO2/kg of fresh product was found. These amounts considerably admissible values. After 6-month storage a statistically significant decrease in nitrate levels of Karlena, Perfekcja and Amager was found, in dry metter, whereas a statistically significant Increase in Koral variety, while no statitically significant difference in the nitrate level did not changes, was found in Bercoro variety. As concerns nitrites a statistically significant decrease was stated in all carrot varieties

Badania ankietowe dotyczace poziomu wiedzy z zakresu zywienia czlowieka . Cz.II. Studenci Akademii Rolniczej w Krakowie

The results of questionnaire studies are reported on the knowledge of human nutrition among the 453 students of Agricultural University in Cracow. Generally, high level of knowledge of the effects of selected nutrients on the risk of civilisation deseases and adequate or inadequate knowledge of sources of these nutrients were found. Dietary practices reported by the students did not meet the dietary guidelines pertaining to a healthy diet.Celem przeprowadzonych badań była ocena stanu wiedzy z zakresu żywienia człowieka wśród 408 studentów ośmiu wydziałów Akademii Rolniczej w Krakowie. Ocenę stanu wiedzy przeprowadzono metodą ankietową. Stwierdzono, że studenci Wydziału Technologii Żywności nie wyróżniali się stanem wiedzy z zakresu żywienia człowieka spośród innych biorących udział w ankiecie (Tabela 1). Młodzież akademicka wykazywała dostateczną względnie niedostateczną znajomość źródeł składników żywności, dobrze natomiast orientowała się w problematyce wpływu wybranych składników żywności na ryzyko powstawania niektórych chorób cywilizacyjnych. Deklarowany w ankiecie sposób żywienia się studentów nie był zgodny z przyjętymi zasadami prawidłowego żywienia

Questionnaire studies on the level of knowledge of human nutrition. Part.1. Secondary school students in Cracow Region

The effect of osmotic-convection drying on the mechanical properties of apples was studied. Both the osmotic dehydration and convection drying were shown to cause the changes in the mechanical properties of apples. These were manifested in the loss of natural 'tenderness' and an increase in the 'plasticity'. For the osmotic dehydration, the changes were the bigger, the higher were the degree and temperature of osmotic dehydration, and molecular weight of osmotic solute.Celem przeprowadzonych badań była ocena stanu wiedzy z zakresu żywienia człowieka wśród młodzieży szkół średnich Krakowa. Ocenę stanu wiedzy przeprowadzono metodą ankietową. Ogółem przebadano 1830 dziewcząt i chłopców uczęszczających do siedmiu różnych typów szkół. Jak przedstawiono w tabeli 1, najwyższy ogólny poziom wiedzy z zakresu żywienia człowieka wykazywali uczniowie szkół o profilu medycznym. Młodzież wykazuje lepszą orientację odnośnie wpływu wybranych składników żywności (tj. błonnika, tłuszczu zwierzęcego, cukru) na ryzyko powstania chorób cywilizacyjnych, gorzej natomiast orientuje się w źródłach składników pokarmowych. Około 80% młodzieży spożywa pierwsze śniadanie przed wyjściem do szkoły ale już tylko połowa ankietowanych spożywa cztery i pięć posiłków w ciągu dnia. Wykazano ogólnie niskie spożycie mleka i przetworów mlecznych, warzyw i owoców, nasion roślin strączkowych oraz ciemnego pieczywa

Insensitive Players? A Relationship Between Violent Video Game Exposure and Recognition of Negative Emotions

An ability to accurately recognize negative emotions in others can initiate pro-social behavior and prevent anti-social actions. Thus, it remains of an interest of scholars studying effects of violent video games. While exposure to such games was linked to slower emotion recognition, the evidence regarding accuracy of emotion recognition among players of violent games is weak and inconsistent. The present research investigated the relationship between violent video game exposure (VVGE) and accuracy of negative emotion recognition. We assessed the level of self-reported VVGE in hours per day and the accuracy of the recognition using the Facial Expressions Matching Test. The results, with adolescents (Study 1; N = 67) and with adults (Study 2; N = 151), showed that VVGE was negatively related to accurate recognition of negative emotion expressions, even if controlled for age, gender, and trait empathy, but no causal direction could be assessed. In line with the violent media desensitization model, our findings suggest that higher self-reported VVGE relates to lower recognition of negative emotional expressions of other people. On the one hand, such lower recognition of negative emotions may underlie inaccurate reactions in real-life social situations. On the other hand, lower sensitivity to social cues may help players to better focus on their performance in a violent game