Deteksi Bakteri Penyebab Mastitis Subklinis dan Uji Sensitifitas Antibiotikanya pada Kambing Perah Sapera di Kabupaten Bogor

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk mendeteksi berbagai macam bakteri penyebab mastitis subklinis. Sebanyak 31 ekor kambing perah Sapera laktasi kedua dari suatu peternakan di Kabupaten Bogor diuji mastitis dengan metode California Mastitis Test (CMT). Isolasi bakteri dilakukan pada sampel susu yang menunjukkan mastitis subklinis menggunakan media Blood Agar Plate (BAP), kemudian dilakukan isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri patogen dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) dan sequencing. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kejadian mastitis subklinis sebesar 70,1% yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, S. caprae, Bacillus subtilis, dan B. lichiniformis yang sensitif terhadap Chlorampenicol®, Penstrep®, Duocyclin® dan Lactosan®

Pengaruh Penambahan Maltosa Pada Pengencer Berbasis Lesitin dalam Mempertahankan Kualitas Semen Cair Kambing

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh penambahan maltosa pada pengencer berbasis lesitin dalam mempertahankan motilitas, viabilitas dan daya hidup spermatozoa kambing. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 6 kali ulangan dari 6 kali ejakulat dari kambing yang sama. Semen segar diperiksa secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis kemudian dilanjutkan dengan tahap pengenceran. Terdapat 4 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu Andromed (kontrol), Andromed + 0,2% maltosa, Andromed + 0,4% maltosa dan Andromed + 0,6% maltosa. Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah motilitas spermatozoa, viabilitas dan presentase membran plasma utuh (MPU). Evaluasi dilakukan dari hari ke-0 hingga hari ke-4 dan penyimpanan dalam lemari pendingin dengan suhu 4 0C. Analisis data yang dilakukan adalah Analisis Ragam atau Analysis of Variant (ANOVA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelompok Andromed + 0,4% maltosa mampu mempertahankan motilitas, viabilitas dan membran plasma utuh (46,67 ± 8,14; 53,33 ± 1,75; 54,67 ± 5,50) hingga hari ke-4 penyimpanan dan berbeda nyata (

Pyrolysis using microwave absorbents as reaction bed: An improved approach to transform used frying oil into biofuel product with desirable properties

Used frying oil (UFO), a waste produced in large volume each year worldwide, represents a potential resource for biofuel production rather than a disposal problem for modern society. Pyrolysis technique using microwave heating offers a promising approach for the conversion of UFO into biofuel products with improved properties. In this study, pyrolysis of UFO was performed by contacting with a bed of microwave absorbents heated by microwave radiation. The pyrolysis approach was examined using different materials as the reaction bed, comprising particulate carbon, activated carbon and mesoporous aluminosilicate (MCM-41). The use of particulate and activated carbon as the reaction bed provided a fast heating rate and extensive cracking capacity to pyrolyze the used oil, thus showing favorable features that could lead to short process time and less energy usage. This resulted in a production of a high yield of a biofuel product (up to 73 wt%) in a process taking less than 35 min. The biofuel showed a composition dominated by light C$_{5}$-C$_{20}$ aliphatic hydrocarbons with low amounts of oxygenated compounds (≤11%). In particular, the oil product obtained from activated carbon bed showed a low nitrogen content and was free of carboxylic acid and sulphur. The absence of carboxylic acids with low amounts of oxygenated compounds could reduce the formation of oxygenated by-products that could generate undesirable acidic tar or potentially hazardous sludge in the biofuel during storage. Combined with the detection of a high calorific value (46 MJ/kg) nearly comparable to diesel fuel, the biofuel shows great promise to be upgraded for use as a ‘cleaner’ fuel source with potentially reduced oxygenated by-products plus low or zero emissions of NO$_{x}$ and SO$_{x}$ during the use of the fuel in combustion process. This study also revealed that the use of activated carbon bed results in the highest energy recovery (88–90%) from the used frying oil. Our results demonstrated that the use of a microwave-heated reaction bed of activated carbon shows great potential as an improved and sustainable pyrolysis approach that is energy-efficient and timesaving for the recycling of used frying oil into a biofuel product with desirable properties. This pyrolysis approach provides an alternative to transesterification that avoids the use of solvents and catalysts, and thus could be developed further as a promising route to recycle various types of waste and biomass materials

Role of polymorphisms of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene in predicting slow-flow phenomenon after primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the association between 2 polymorphisms of the endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) gene (-786T>C and +894G>T) and the no-reflow/slow-flow phenomenon in post-primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) patients. Methods: A total of 103 post-PPCI patients were enrolled. Coronary no-reflow phenomenon was defined as a Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade 0-1 and coronary slow-flow phenomenon (CSFP) was defined as a TIMI flow grade �2. Results: Due to the small number of post-PPCI patients with the no-reflow phenomenon (n=4), the primary comparison was made between CSFP (n=20) and normal flow (n=83) groups. There was a greater frequency of CSFP among carriers of the-786C allele of the eNOS-786T>C polymorphism (odds ratio OR: 3.90; 95% confidence interval CI: 0.87-17.45; p=0.07). However, no such association was detected between the +894T allele of the eNOS +894G>T and CSFP (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.21-3.98; p=0.91). In the adjusted analysis, the-786T>C polymorphism did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: There was no significant association between CSFP and 2 of the most common polymorphisms of the eNOS gene in post-PPCI patients. © 2020 Turkish Society of Cardiology

Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Health system planning requires careful assessment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) epidemiology, but data for morbidity and mortality of this disease are scarce or non-existent in many countries. We estimated the global, regional, and national burden of CKD, as well as the burden of cardiovascular disease and gout attributable to impaired kidney function, for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. We use the term CKD to refer to the morbidity and mortality that can be directly attributed to all stages of CKD, and we use the term impaired kidney function to refer to the additional risk of CKD from cardiovascular disease and gout. Methods The main data sources we used were published literature, vital registration systems, end-stage kidney disease registries, and household surveys. Estimates of CKD burden were produced using a Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian meta-regression analytical tool, and included incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, mortality, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). A comparative risk assessment approach was used to estimate the proportion of cardiovascular diseases and gout burden attributable to impaired kidney function. Findings Globally, in 2017, 1·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·2 to 1·3) people died from CKD. The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41·5% (95% UI 35·2 to 46·5) between 1990 and 2017, although there was no significant change in the age-standardised mortality rate (2·8%, −1·5 to 6·3). In 2017, 697·5 million (95% UI 649·2 to 752·0) cases of all-stage CKD were recorded, for a global prevalence of 9·1% (8·5 to 9·8). The global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29·3% (95% UI 26·4 to 32·6) since 1990, whereas the age-standardised prevalence remained stable (1·2%, −1·1 to 3·5). CKD resulted in 35·8 million (95% UI 33·7 to 38·0) DALYs in 2017, with diabetic nephropathy accounting for almost a third of DALYs. Most of the burden of CKD was concentrated in the three lowest quintiles of Socio-demographic Index (SDI). In several regions, particularly Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America, the burden of CKD was much higher than expected for the level of development, whereas the disease burden in western, eastern, and central sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia, south Asia, central and eastern Europe, Australasia, and western Europe was lower than expected. 1·4 million (95% UI 1·2 to 1·6) cardiovascular disease-related deaths and 25·3 million (22·2 to 28·9) cardiovascular disease DALYs were attributable to impaired kidney function. Interpretation Kidney disease has a major effect on global health, both as a direct cause of global morbidity and mortality and as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. CKD is largely preventable and treatable and deserves greater attention in global health policy decision making, particularly in locations with low and middle SDI

Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders. Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach. Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable). Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

BACKGROUND: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. INTERPRETATION: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Evaluation of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy (LMUP) among a nationally representative sample of pregnant and postpartum women Ethiopia

Objectives: Rigorous measurement of pregnancy preferences is needed to address reproductive health needs. The London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy (LMUP), developed in the UK, has been adapted for low-income countries. Psychometric properties of LMUP items remain uncertain in contexts with limited access to and use of health services. Study design: This cross-sectional study examines the six-item LMUP’s psychometric properties among a nationally representative sample of 2855 pregnant and postpartum women in Ethiopia. Principal components analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) estimated psychometric properties. Hypothesis testing examined associations between the LMUP and other measurement approaches of pregnancy preferences using descriptive statistics and linear regression. Results: The six-item LMUP had acceptable reliability (α = 0.77); two behavioral items (contraception, preconception care) were poorly correlated with the total scale. A four-item measure demonstrated higher reliability (α = 0.90). Construct validity via PCA and CFA indicated the four-item LMUP’s unidimensionality and good model fit; all hypotheses related to the four-item LMUP and other measurement approaches were met. Conclusions: Measurement of women’s pregnancy planning in Ethiopia may be improved through use of a four-item version of the LMUP scale. This measurement approach can inform family planning services to better align with women’s reproductive goals. Implications: Improved pregnancy preference measures are needed to understand reproductive health needs. A four-item version of the LMUP is highly reliable in Ethiopia, offering a robust and concise metric for assessing women’s orientations toward a current or recent pregnancy and tailoring care to support them in achieving their reproductive goals