Produtividade do trabalho como fonte para o desenvolvimento efetivo da produção

In traditional and modern economic theory, labor is considered as the most important factor in development of production. Because of this, most scientists studied the issue of efficiency for industrial production by assessing the factors of productivity growth. The significance and value of increasing economic efficiency as a scientific and practical task, determine the difficulties of a methodological nature in measuring labor productivity and justifying its role in the long-term development of an enterprise. The purpose of this article was to characterize the economic category of "labor productivity" in the terms of improving efficiency for industrial production. The methodological basis of the present article are the general provisions of the modern economics, especially the theory of labor value, theory of social production, the modern theory of efficiency, theory of firm, production and costs, and the concept of innovative development. The authors considered measurement methods and substantiated the main criterion of labor productivity, and presented a scheme for calculating labor productivity on the basis of the individual value of the product. This article examines the possibility of obtaining cost savings (additional profit) as a result of increased productivity. These savings are considered as the basis for formation of innovative funds in the enterprise.En la teoría económica tradicional y moderna, el trabajo es considerado como el factor más importante en el desarrollo de la producción. Debido a esto, la mayoría de los científicos estudiaron el tema de la eficiencia para la producción industrial al evaluar los factores del crecimiento de la productividad. La importancia y el valor de aumentar la eficiencia económica como una tarea científica y práctica, determinan las dificultades de naturaleza metodológica para medir la productividad laboral y justificar su papel en el desarrollo a largo plazo de una empresa. El propósito de este artículo fue caracterizar la categoría económica de "productividad laboral" en términos de mejorar la eficiencia de la producción industrial. Las bases metodológicas del presente artículo son las disposiciones generales de la economía moderna, especialmente la teoría del valor del trabajo, la teoría de la producción social, la teoría moderna de la eficiencia, la teoría de la empresa, la producción y los costos, y el concepto de desarrollo innovador. Los autores consideraron los métodos de medición y confirmaron el criterio principal de la productividad laboral, y presentaron un esquema para calcular la productividad laboral sobre la base del valor individual del producto. Este artículo examina la posibilidad de obtener ahorros de costos (ganancia adicional) como resultado de una mayor productividad. Estos ahorros se consideran como la base para la formación de fondos innovadores en la empresa.Na teoria econômica tradicional e moderna, o trabalho é considerado o fator mais importante no desenvolvimento da produção. Por causa disso, a maioria dos cientistas estudou a questão da eficiência da produção industrial, avaliando os fatores de crescimento da produtividade. A importância e o valor de aumentar a eficiência econômica como uma tarefa científica e prática determinam as dificuldades de natureza metodológica na medição da produtividade do trabalho e justificam seu papel no desenvolvimento de longo prazo de uma empresa. O objetivo deste artigo foi caracterizar a categoria econômica de "produtividade do trabalho" em termos de melhoria da eficiência da produção industrial. A base metodológica do presente artigo são as disposições gerais da economia moderna, especialmente a teoria do valor do trabalho, a teoria da produção social, a moderna teoria da eficiência, a teoria da empresa, a produção e os custos, e o conceito de desenvolvimento inovador. Os autores consideraram métodos de medição e fundamentaram o principal critério de produtividade do trabalho, e apresentaram um esquema para calcular a produtividade do trabalho com base no valor individual do produto. Este artigo examina a possibilidade de obter economia de custos (lucro adicional) como resultado do aumento da produtividade. Essas economias são consideradas como base para a formação de fundos inovadores na empresa

Trends in development of Russian Far East’s fishing industry in context of strategic regional growth

This article is devoted to topical issues of the fishing industry development in the Russian Far East. Far East is the largest and the most abundant with fish resources region of Russia, and also it is the largest territorial administrative unit. The main scientific and practical task the research can help to solve is implementation of strategic prospects and scientific support of the industry development government programs. The aim of the research is to update the trends and identify the main problems of the fishing industry development in the Far East of Russia over the past decade. Methodologically the research is based on the concept of regional economy sustainable development. The article analyzes such indicators of the industry development as: number of enterprises in the industry, number of employees at the industry enterprises, volume of fish products production and processing, level of domestic prices for fish products, fish products consumption volume, fish products export value, volume of investments in fixed assets of industry enterprises. The key trends are identified and the most important problems of the regional fishing industry development are noted. Among such problems: the industry’s dependence on the world market situation, insufficient development of domestic market, excessive growth in prices for fish products in the domestic market, low degree of fish products processing, dependence of fish products export on Asian countries’ consumers

Ciclicidade do desenvolvimento inovador no empreendedorismo

Research of innovative processes development is one of the most important and popular areas in modern economics. According to neoclassical economics, the innovative development cyclicality, which is manifested in the periodic change of economic ups and downs, is the basis to explain the dynamics in many processes in the modern world economy. Scientific and practical research problem is the multiplicity and often the contradictory explanation of cyclical nature in innovative development. The purpose of the research is to analyze the innovative development cyclicality in entrepreneurship, its identification. The main hypothesis of the research is the thesis that the cyclicality presence is related to technological development of production and also to innovation life cycle. To confirm the point of view, the authors define the connection between the innovation process and the production process by means of technological cycles that can be graphically represented as S-shaped curves and the corresponding curves of average cost. The connection between the innovative development cyclicality and the innovation life cycle is clearly reflected in the dynamics of entrepreneur’s efficiency (profitability) at each stage in the innovation life cycle.La investigación del desarrollo de procesos innovadores es una de las áreas más importantes y populares en la economía moderna. De acuerdo con la economía neoclásica, la innovación cíclica del desarrollo, que se manifiesta en el cambio periódico de los altibajos económicos, es la base para explicar la dinámica de muchos procesos en la economía mundial moderna. El problema de la investigación científica y práctica es la multiplicidad y, a menudo, la explicación contradictoria de la naturaleza cíclica en el desarrollo innovador. El propósito de la investigación es analizar el desarrollo innovador de la ciclicidad en el emprendimiento, su identificación. La principal hipótesis de la investigación es la tesis de que la presencia de ciclismo está relacionada con el desarrollo tecnológico de la producción y también con el ciclo de vida de la innovación. Para confirmar el punto de vista, los autores definen la conexión entre el proceso de innovación y el proceso de producción mediante ciclos tecnológicos que se pueden representar gráficamente como curvas en forma de S y las curvas correspondientes del costo promedio. La conexión entre el ciclo de desarrollo innovador y el ciclo de vida de la innovación se refleja claramente en la dinámica de la eficiencia (rentabilidad) del empresario en cada etapa del ciclo de vida de la innovación.A pesquisa de desenvolvimento de processos inovadores é uma das áreas mais importantes e populares da economia moderna. De acordo com a economia neoclássica, a ciclicidade do desenvolvimento inovador, que se manifesta na mudança periódica dos altos e baixos econômicos, é a base para explicar a dinâmica em muitos processos na economia mundial moderna. Problema de pesquisa científica e prática é a multiplicidade e muitas vezes a explicação contraditória da natureza cíclica no desenvolvimento inovador. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar a ciclicidade do desenvolvimento inovador no empreendedorismo, sua identificação. A hipótese principal da pesquisa é a tese de que a presença da ciclicidade está relacionada ao desenvolvimento tecnológico da produção e também ao ciclo de vida da inovação. Para confirmar o ponto de vista, os autores definem a conexão entre o processo de inovação e o processo de produção por meio de ciclos tecnológicos que podem ser representados graficamente como curvas em forma de S e as correspondentes curvas de custo médio. A conexão entre a ciclicidade do desenvolvimento inovador e o ciclo de vida da inovação está claramente refletida na dinâmica da eficiência do empreendedor (rentabilidade) em cada estágio do ciclo de vida da inovação

Réponse à la double inoculation mycorhizienne et rhizobienne du niébé (variété, KVX396-4-5-2D) cultivé au Burkina Faso

Le niébé vit en symbiose avec des champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires (CMA) et rhizobiums du sol susceptibles d’améliorer sa nutrition hydrominérale et sa croissance. Cette étude avait pour objectif d’évaluer la réponse du niébé (variété KVX 396-4-5-2D) à l’inoculation rhizobienne et/ou mycorhizienne. KVX 396-4-5-2D (KVX) a été inoculée en serre avec cinq inoculums de CMA [Glomus aggregatum (Ga), Glomus mossae (Gm), Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri), Glomus fasciculatum (Gf), Glomus verrucullosum (Gv)] et une souche de rhizobium (ORS 3409). Après 45 jours de culture, les plants ont été récoltés et les paramètres de croissance (hauteur et biomasses), de mycorhization et de nodulation ont été mesurés. Les résultats montrent que l’inoculation améliore la croissance en hauteur et la biomasse totale des plants de KVX. La souche Ga améliore de 70% la production de biomasse totale de KVX. Aussi, la double inoculation ORS3409+Ga est plus bénéfique aux plants de la variété de niébé utilisée avec une amélioration de la croissance en hauteur de 8,82%. De ces résultats, il ressort que l’inoculum Ga améliore significativement la croissance de la variété de niébé KVX au stade floraison-fructification.Mots clés : Champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires, rhizobium, inoculation, niébé

Evgeny Nikolaevich Sedov: a leading breeder of pome fruit crops in Russia

Acad. Evgeny Nikolaevich Sedov, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Full Member of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor, Scientist Emeritus, is an outstanding researcher and breeder, author of 90 apple and pear cultivars, founder of a scientific school specializing on priority trends in pome fruit breeding: – development of adaptable triploid apple cultivars with regular fruiting, high marketability of fruits, and increased self-fertility; – development of apple cultivars immune or highly resistant to scab; – development of triploid apple cultivars with immunity to scab; – development of columnar apple cultivars for super-intensive orchards and main technology elements for their cultivation; – development of apple cultivars with improved biochemical composition of fruits with higher content of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and Р-active substances (vitamin Р)

Realization of the genetic potential of frost hardiness in apple hybrids of different ploidy

The results of a study of resistance to unfavorable winter conditions of new selection seedlings of apple developed in the Institute as part of priority directions of apple breeding are presented.The goal of the work is to estimate winter hardiness of apple genotypes developed by combining scab resistance in a triploid genotype (RVi6+3х). Methods of a winter hardiness study in the field and laboratory conditions were used by modelling damage factors in a “ESPEC” PSL-2 KPN deep-freezer . It was determined that by early December the genotypes gained a good hardening and displayed the resistance of vitally important tissues to early winter frosts up to 30 °C (frost resistance component I). The genotypes were revealed that under artificial freezing bore critical temperatures –38 and –40 °C as well as –42 °C with damages of vitally important tissues at the level of Antonovka Obyknovennaya (component II). The modelling of a three-day artificial thaw (+2 °C) with the following temperature lowering to –30 °C showed that in all studied apple seedlings the damages of bark, cambium and wood were reversible and did not exceed 2.0 points while in immune, triploid forms 31-2-130 and ELS 31-36-149, the damages did not exceed 1.2 points. The winter hardiness study of selection apple seedlings allowed revealing the most winter hardy and promising genotypes: scab resistant and triploid forms 31-2-15, 31-2-115, 31-2-130 (Afrodita×13-6-106) and 31-36-149 [Veniaminovskoye×25-35-144 (Wealthy tetraploid× Papirovka tetraploid)] as well as scab resistant diploids 32-35-58 (Yubiley Moskvy×Krasa Sverdlovska) and 31-15-126 [23-16-96 (seedling 814 – open pollination)×Gulliver)]. Those genotypes displayed the resistance of vitally important tissues to early winter frosts, frosts in the middle of winter up to –40 °C at the level of Antonovka Obyknovennaya as well as to the frosts after thaws and retained the ability to restore resistance during repeated hardening after thaws

Some phytochemicals and sugar contents of black mulberry (<i>Morus nigra</i> L.) genotypes from Simav District, Kütahya Province, Turkey

The purpose of this research was to determine the biochemical contents in black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry genotypes grown in Kütahya Province. Total soluble solids content, pH, titratable acidity, total phenolics, vitamin C, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and soluble sugars (fructose, glucose, and sucrose) of black mulberry genotypes were determined at the end of the study. The highest total phenolics value was detected in SIM02 (2995.16 mg GAE g-1). The SIM03 genotype had the highest vitamin C content of 31.34 mg 100 g-1. The study indicated that radical scavenging activity (DPPH) of 19.05 (SIM03) was the highest. In terms of the most valuable chemical composition, the SIM01, SIM02 and SIM03 genotypes can be suggested and used for future breeding reasons. It is desirable to take actions in Turkey to conduct an extensive conservation program for Morus nigra biodiversity

Assessment of adaptability and fruit quality in new apple cultivars for intensive orchards

Background. Competitive early-fruiting apple cultivars with high commercial and consumer qualities, resistant to unfavorable stressors, are required for successful horticulture development.Materials and methods. The study included apple cultivars developed by innovative methods using scab resistance donors (Rvi6) and diploid gamete donors. Foreign cultivars commercialized in the region were also used. Conventional variety testing techniques were applied. Fifteen cultivars released by the Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK), 6 foreign cultivars, and one reference (‘Antonovka obyknovennaya’) were assessed.Results. Simulating damaging factors helped to identify good resistance of tissues and buds of domestically bred apple cultivars to early winter frosts. These cultivars survived a temperature decrease to –30°C without damage in early winter and without significant damage (no more than 2.0 pts) at –40°C in midwinter, including the scab-immune (Rvi6) cultivars ‘Ivanovskoye’ and ‘Pamyat Hitrovo’, and immune triploids (3×) ‘Aleksandr Boyko’, ‘Akademik Saveliev’ and ‘Vavilovskoye’. Bud damage in ‘Gala’ and ‘Ligol’ was stronger (2.5 pts) and increased to 3.0 pts under simulated temperatures down to –38°C and –40°C. ‘Gala’ showed the lowest resistance in midwinter. Early-fruiting cvs. ‘Blagodat’, ‘Ivanovskoye’, ‘Pamyat Hitrovo’ and ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’ were identified. On average, triploids ‘Blagodat’ and ‘Patriot’, scab-immune ‘Afrodita’, ‘Ivanovskoye’ and ‘Start’, and scab-immune triploid ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’ significantly exceeded ‘Antonovka’ and other cultivars in yield. Conclusion. The new innovative winter cultivars developed at VNIISPK matched foreign cultivars in marketability and consumer qualities, while in scab resistance and adaptability they significantly exceeded most of them. ‘Akademik Saveliev’, ‘Aleksandr Boyko’, ‘Afrodita’, ‘Vavilovskoye’, ‘Ivanovskoye’, ‘Prazdnichnoye’ and ‘Rozhdestvenskoye’ were recommended for intensive-type orchards

Ветвление однолетних саженцев яблони среднерослых сортов под воздействием агротехнических приемов

Relevance. The basis for obtaining a large crop volume and its high level of precocity is the use of Apple planting material that fully meets modern standards of intensive gardening. The main purpose of these studies was to study methods of branching stimulation and determine their effectiveness in obtaining branched apple seedlings at the age of one year. Material and methods. The use of non-root treatments and fertilizers as regulators and growth stimulators of apple seedlings does not lead to a significant increase in the number of side branches. Significant growth of the crown of annual seedlings occurs when using mechanical methods to stimulate the growth of side branches. The use of such an agrotechnical technique as a single plucking made it possible to obtain 1-2.6 side branches on different orts. When using this method, but with the simultaneous removal of 3-4 leaf plates, it increased the production of side branches by 1.6-3.7 pieces. One of the most unresponsive to the use of agricultural techniques was the variety "Svezhest". Results. It is effective to apply to annual apple seedlings agrotechnical methods of stimulation of lateral branching by plucking with simultaneous removal of leaf plates in the amount of three to four pieces. These measures must be carried out before reaching the height of the seedling from seventy to eighty centimeters. It should be noted that the use of plucking only, without removing the leaf plates, does not give such an effect.Актуальность. Основой получения большого объема урожая и его высокий уровень скороспелости является использование посадочного материала яблони, который полностью соответствует современным стандартам интенсивного садоводства. Целью данных исследований являлось изучение приемов стимуляции ветвления и определение их эффективности при получении разветвленных саженцев яблони в однолетнем возрасте. Материал и методика. Изучение проводили в питомнике ФГБНУ ВНИИСПК в 2014-2016 годах. Объектами исследований были однолетние саженцы яблони среднерослых сортов Ветеран, Орловское полосатое, Свежесть, привитые на клоновый подвой 54-118. Использовали следующие приемы воздействия на центральный проводник: прищипывание верхушки и прищипывание верхушки с удалением верхних 3-4 листовых пластин, а также некорневые обработки Эпином-экстра (0,002%), Растворином (0,5%), мочевиной (0,7-0,9%) по достижении растениями высоты 70-80 см. Результаты. Применение в качестве регуляторов и стимуляторов роста саженцев яблонь некорневых обработок и удобрений к существенному увеличению количества боковых ответвлений не привело. Существенный рост кроны однолетних саженцев отмечен при применении механических способов стимуляции роста боковых ответвлений. Применение такого агротехнического приема как одиночное прищипывание позволяло получать на разных сортах прироста боковых ответвлений в количестве 1-2,6 штук. При использовании данного метода, но с одновременным удалением 3-4 листовых пластин увеличивало получение боковых ответвлений на 1,6-3,7 штук. Проводить данные мероприятия необходимо до достижения высоты саженца от семидесяти до восьмидесяти сантиметров. Необходимо отметить, что применение только прищипывания, без удаления листовых пластин подобного эффекта не дает

Изучение параметров водного режима яблони в условиях засухи

Relevance. Recently, the number of hot and dry years has increased significantly. Under the influence of drought, the leaves of the apple tree prematurely fall, the ovaries and fruits fall off, which significantly affects on the yield. In this regard, the study of the water regime of apple remains relevant under drought conditions.Methods. The studies were carried out on the basis of the laboratory of physiology of fruit plant resistance at VNIISPK in 2016-2017. Apple cultivars of the VNIISPK breeding growing on the semi-dwarf rootstock 54-118 were studied. Antonovka Obyknovennaya was taken as a standard cultivar. The experiments were laid in 2013, the spacing scheme was 5 m x 3 m. The crown shape is of spindle type. The row-spacing and near-trunk stripes are kept under the fall fallow. The method of artificial dehydration was used to determine drought resistance of apple cultivars. The apple cultivars were studied with the aim to determine the physiological parameters of water regime relative to their drought resistance.Results. As a result of the two-year studies, the cultivars were characterized by the average content of water in leaves (61.2-65.1%). Water deficiency in most varieties was optimal in the field and did not exceed 10.0%. The increase in water deficiency in apple leaves was noted in drought modeling. For two years, of the leaf tissues water deficiency was in leaves of the Veniaminovskoye cultivar both in the field (5.2%) and after drought modeling (22.4%). During the growing season, the distribution of precipitation and temperature during the passage of individual phenophases by apple plants influenced the overall water content in the leaf tissues. The decrease of the water content in the leaf tissues and the increase of water deficiency were observed when dry conditions occurred. The decrease of the water regime and water deficiency in leaves was notes to a greater extent during the formation of fruits. It was found that all of the studied apple cultivars had an average level of resistance to drought. The study of water regime parameters showed that Veniaminovskoye was characterized by more stable indices and this indicated greater resistance to drought. Актуальность. В последнее время число жарких и засушливых лет значительно увеличилось. Под действием засухи у растений яблони преждевременно опадают листья, осыпаются завязи и плоды, что существенно сказывается на урожае. В связи с этим изучение водного режима яблони в условиях засухи сохраняет свою актуальность.Материал и методика. Исследования проводили на базе лаборатории физиологии устойчивости плодовых растений ФГБНУ ВНИИСПК в 2016-2017 годы. Объектами исследований служили сорта яблони селекции института, растущие на полукарликовом подвое 54-118. Контрольный сорт – Антоновка обыкновенная. Опыты заложены в 2013 году, схема посадки 5х3 м. Форма кроны – веретеновидная. Междурядья и приствольные полосы содержатся под черным паром. Для определения засухоустойчивости сортов яблони использовали метод искусственного обезвоживания. Изучали сорта яблони с целью определить физиологические параметры водного режима в связи с их засухоустойчивостью.Результаты. В результате двухлетних исследований изучаемые сорта яблони характеризовались средней оводненностью (61,2-66,1%) листьев. Водный дефицит в полевых условиях у большей части сортов был оптимальным и не превышал 10,0%. После моделирования засухи отметили повышение водного дефицита в листьях сортов яблони. Наименьший водный дефицит за два года исследований выявили, как в полевых условиях (5,2%), так и после моделирования засухи (22,4%), в листьях сорта Веньяминовское. Распределение осадков и температуры в период вегетации при прохождении растениями яблони отдельных фенофаз влияло на оводненность тканей листьев яблони. При наступлении засушливых условий наблюдали снижение оводненности тканей листьев и повышение водного дефицита. Отмечено снижение оводненности тканей и водного дефицита листьев в большей степени в период формирования плодов. Установлено, что все изучаемые сорта яблони имеют средний уровень устойчивости к действию засухи. Изучение параметров водного режима показало, что сорт Веньяминовское характеризовался более стабильными значениями исследуемых показателей, что свидетельствует о большей устойчивости к воздействию засушливых условий.