87,044 research outputs found
The Experiment Road to the Heavier Quarks and Other Heavy Objects
After a brief history of heavy quarks, I will discuss charm, bottom, and top
quarks in turn. For each one, I discuss its first observation, and then what we
have learned about production, hadronization, and decays - and what these have
taught us about the underlying physics. I will also point out remaining open
issues. For this series of lectures, the charm quark will be emphasized. It is
the first of the heavy quarks, and its study is where many of the techniques
and issues first appeared. Only very brief mention is made of CP violation in
the bottom-quark system since that topic is the subject of a separate series of
lectures by Gabriel Lopez. As the three quarks are reviewed, a pattern of
techniques and lessons emerges. These are identified, and then briefly
considered in the context of anticipated physics signals of the future; e.g.,
for Higgs and SUSY particles.Comment: From three lectures at the "IX Escuela de Particulas y Campos" in
Metepec, Mexico - August, 2000. 30 pages, 5 figures Revised version with
spelling/grammar corrections and clearer figur
Charm Results on CP Violation and Mixing
The most recent results on CP violation and mixing in the charm system are
reviewed as a guide to the future. While no surprising results are reported so
far, charm provides a unique window to physics beyond the Standard Model. The
results reported here come from four sources: ALEPH at LEP, E791 and FOCUS/E831
at Fermilab, and CLEO II.V at CESR. Results beyond these sources may be
expected as a byproduct of B-motivated experiments.Comment: 17 pages,including 4 figures, Workshop on Physics and Detectors for
Daphne, Frascati, Italy, November 16-19, 199
Building Knowledge Stocks: The Role of State Higher-Education Policies
A variety of studies provide evidence that the stock of college-educated labor has fundamental effects on state and local economies through its association with wages, economic growth, personal incomes, and tax revenues. As a result, policymakers in many states try to increase the percentage of the state’s population (or workforce) that has a college degree through the use of various higher-education policies that have the potential to influence the supply side of the labor market. This paper reviews evidence on the effectiveness of these policies in achieving that goal. I discuss several types of policies related to the finance and production of undergraduate education within a state, including expansions in degree production and scholarships to encourage attendance at in-state colleges. The evidence suggests that these policies can affect the stock of college-educated labor within a state, but that effect is limited by the mobility of college graduates across state boundaries. I also discuss location-contingent financial aid, adjustments to the composition of enrollment by residency or by field of study, and internships with state-based employers. More research is needed to identify the causal effects of these policies on the behavior of students and to sort out the responses by students and institutions to changes in state policies
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