Development of a method of electrodeposition of non-ferrous metals on a rotating cathode covered with gallium

Electrodeposition of copper and nickel from acidic solutions using a rotating cathode coated with liquid and solid gallium has been studied. Methods of nonferrous metals separation from the gallium coating of the cathode were determined. Electrodeposition on the liquid gallium coating was carried out at a temperature of 50 °C. Separation of metals from gallium was performed by alkaline treatment. On the solid gallium cathode coating, electrodeposition was performed at 25 °C. The metal precipitates were separated from the cathode after it was heated. When using cathode with hard gallium coating the reduction of electric power consumption for copper by 85 % and for nickel by 15 % was obtained

MODIFIED RAW MATERIALS: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION FOR Cd²⁺ IONS REMOVAL

The adsorption behavior of some low-cost adsorbents such as bentonite, meal thistle and carbonized walnut husk with respect to Cd2+ ions in aqueous solutions has been studied. The several process parameters (contact time, initial metal concentration, sorption capacity, extraction degree, rate constants, sorption rates and sorption energy) were found. For the Cd2+ ions adsorption the equilibrium time onto bentonite, meal thistle and carbonized walnut husk were found to be 2 h, 25 and 10 min, respectively. Adsorption parameters were determined using both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Sorption isotherms of cadmium ions onto MBT (modified bentonite) and MTM (modified thistle meal) were the best of all described by the equation of Freundlich sorption (correlation coefficients are closest to unit). In contrast the sorption of Cd2+ ions onto MCWH (modified carbonized walnut husk) was described by the Langmuir isothermic model where the adsorption occurs on homogeneous surface by monolayer sorption without interaction between sorbed ions. The obtained results demonstrate that bentonite, meal thistle and carbonized walnut husk can remove Cd2+ ions from aqueous solutions. It means that cheap and available raw materials can be efficient adsorbents and capable to remove cationic heavy metal species from waste water. The ion-exchange mechanism of adsorption of cadmium ions by the MBT, MTM, MCWH was proposed

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ АПРОБАЦИИ СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ В ПОСТИНДУСТРИАЛЬНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СРЕДАХ

В статье представлены результаты многолетней экспериментальной апробации комплексной методики инженерного проектирования социумов для поддержки ускоренного внедрения постиндустриальных технологических сред, основанных на закрывающих материальных технологиях. Приведены научные доказательства, что в РФ была успешно освоено проектирование локальных социумов со свойствами, которые не могут возникнуть путем естественной социальной эволюции или революции.</jats:p

SYNTHESIS OF 2- (2I – ACYLOXY-ETHOXY) ETHYL CHLORIDE AND THEIR INTERACTION WITH AMIDES AND ALKALI METAL RHODANIDES

This work is aimed at studying the reaction of nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atom in 2-(2'-acyloxy-ethoxy) ethylchlorides with amines and a rhodanide ion and developing methods of synthesizing a 2-(2'-acyloxy-ethoxy) ethylchlorides, rhodanides, and their derivatives previously unknown in specialized literature. In the chlorohydrin molecule of diethylene glycol, there are two reaction centers that allow carrying out nucleophilic substitution reactions, as well as reactions that promote them with electrophilic reagents. The authors carried out several experiments for acylating diethylene glycol chlorohydrine with carbonic acids, reactions of nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atom in 2-(2'-acyloxy-ethoxy) ethylchlorides with various amines as well as synthesized the chloracetoxyethyl ether of rhodane acetic acid. While studying the nucleophilic substitution of 2-(2'-acyloxy-ethoxy) ethylchlorides with the rhodanide ion, it was discovered that only the chlorine atom was replaced. The possibility of the nucleophilic substitution of the ethylene chlorohydrine was shown by the example of N-methyl and N-ethylanilines. It was discovered that the hydroxyl group of diethylene glycol could react with carbonic acids in the presences of catalysts and, therefore, encourage esterification. It has been found out that the nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atom in 2-(2'-acyloxy-ethoxy) ethylchlorides with the rhodanide ion goes smoothly in the presence of potassium iodide acting as an activator and that the acyloxy group is unaffected. It has been discovered that the primary role in the nucleophilic substitution of alcoxyalkylhalides is played by the basicity of amines and the essence and position of substituents relative to the alcoxyl group of the haloid atom. </jats:p

Analysis of a Serological Study of Pertussis among Children and Adolescents in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Relevance. In 2018 over 151 000 cases of whooping cough were reported worldwide. In the Republic of Kazakhstan the incidence of whooping cough has always remained relevant. The incidence is recorded mainly among children under 14 years of age, whose share is 96–100% of the total incidence in certain years. It should also be noted that 82,9–96% of sick people are not vaccinated against whooping cough. Aims. Assessment of the duration of protection after vaccination against pertussis infection in Kazakhstan using antibodies against pertussis toxin (PT) and (IgA and IgG) as a specific marker of pertussis infection or vaccination in children and adolescents in the cities of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Aktobe, Karaganda, Taldykorgan, Shymkent for evaluation appropriate age for booster vaccination. Materials and methods. For the study included medical organizations in the cities of Aktobe, Karaganda, Taldykorgan, Shymkent. Participants aged 10–14 years who were hospitalized in children's hospitals and 15–18 years old who visited polyclinics were invited to participate in the study. Each city has 1 children's hospital (4 in total) and 2 polyclinics (8 in total). A total of 520 people of different age groups participated. Study period: February 2021 – October 2021. Inclusion criteria were such aspects as: age from 10 years to 18 years 11 months 29 days, informed consent obtained from parents or guardian(s) and patient consent, enrollment after visiting the clinic, the presence of documented evidence of immune status. An association between two qualitative variables is considered statistically significant if the p-value calculated using     the Chi-squared test is less than 0.05. Results. Among 520 participants aged 10–14 years – 200 (38.5%) and 15–18 years – 320 (61.5%), including boys – 284 (54.6%), girls – 236 (45.4%). The largest number of study participants was aged 15, 16 and 17 years, 10 participants (1.9%) had periods of prolonged coughing in the past 6 months. The first, second and third pertussis vaccines were received by 100% of children. The first and second vaccine for all children was the Adsorbed Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine (DPT). The third vaccine for 519 children was also DPT, for one child – AbDPT, due to the transition to a cell-free vaccine from the second half of 2013. The additional vaccine scheduled at 18 months of age was given to 519 participants (99.8%), of which 517 children (99.6%) received DPT and two children (0.4%) DPT. Just over half of the children (276 or 53.1%) also received the whooping cough vaccine at age 6. In biological blood samples of 17 participants (3.3%). antibodies of the IgA class were detected in 245 samples (47.1%) – antibodies of the IgG class. Of the 17 participants with IgA antibodies, 15 also tested positive for IgG. In total antibodies of the IgA and IgG classes were detected in 247 participants which amounted to 47.5%. Conclusions. This study showed the duration of protection after pertussis vaccination in Kazakhstan among different age groups. In total, antibodies of the IgA and IgG classes were detected in 247 participants out of 520 which amounted to 47.5%. IgA antibodies were detected in biological blood samples in 17 participants (3.3%), IgG class antibodies in 245 samples (47.1%). The prevalence of IgA antibodies was statistically significantly higher among older children and among children who had respiratory symptoms in the 6 months prior to the study. The prevalence of IgG antibodies was statistically significantly higher among children vaccinated against whooping cough at the age of 6 years (47.1%) and at the age of 10–14 years (56.2%) than in the age group of 15–18 years (43.8%) and also significantly higher among those, who share a bedroom with other family members compared to children living in separate rooms. Thus an increase in whooping cough and a decrease in protective vaccine immunity among older age groups can be stated which raises concerns about transmission of the infection in the home to vulnerable children and the need to strengthen vaccination strategies.</jats:p