Why is organization theory so ignorant: The neglect of total institutions?

Organization theory has, on the whole, failed to adequately address the role that organizations have played in some of the crimes of humanity. The tools to do so have long been available to the discipline, in work by scholars such as Goffman on total institutions, Foucault on disciplinary mechanisms, and Bauman on the Holocaust. The article retrieves the work of these scholars to raise some important questions left begging by much contemporary scholarship. © 2006 Sage Publications

Ab-initio investigation of the fundamental properties of metals (X = Be, Mg, and Ca) encapsulated CsXO3 tin-based perovskite materials

Perovskite material are widely used in Solar cell device due to it promising properties and power conversion efficiencies (PCE). Most importantly, properties of the absorber layer such as the band gap, electronic, optical, chemical composition and the grain size of the perovskite absorbed layer are very sacrosanct when determining efficacy of the material for such application. Thus, in this work, the optical, structural stability, electronic, and mechanical properties of non-halide cubic perovskite CsXO3 (X = Mg, Be and Ca) was extensively studied using the first principles Density functional theory (DFT) approach. The structural, electronic and optoelectronic properties was evaluated using Quantum Espresso Simulation Package (QESP) with the plane wave self-consistent field (PWscf) code. The structural computation reveals that the Lattice constant as well as total energy of CsXO3 (X = Be, Mg and Ca) increases as the size of cation X (X = Be, Mg and Ca) increases such that CsCaO3 possess the highest energy. Contrary, the fermi energy decreases with increase in cationic size, however, CsCaO3 has the highest lattice constant value 4.3743 eV. Electronic properties investigation shows that the studied perovskite has a metallic property with no forbidden band. zero band gap materials can adsorb photon across the entire solar spectrum, including lower-energy photons which is an advantage over a non-zero band gap which can only absorb photon with energies higher than the band gap energy can be absorbed and converted into electricity. This enables more efficient utilization of sunlight and increased overall energy conversion. To ascertain the effect of atomic exchange and orbital contribution in the formation of electronic properties, partial density of state (PDOS) was calculated and the result reveal that electron transition occurs mostly from p-orbital oxygen atom having major contribution on the valence band to the d-orbital of Caesium atom having major contribution on the conduction band and X-cation having minor contribution. CsXO3 (X = Be, Mg and Ca) also shows fascinating optical properties and thus can be used to improve solar cell device

Effects of Aspergillus niger on some Physical Properties of Composites Produced from Transparent Low Density Polyethylene Films/Iroko Wood Dust Particles

Composites were prepared by dissolving low density polyethylene (LDPE) films and wood dust particles in toluene at 115 oC. The hardness, water absorption, weight loss, FT-IR spectroscopy and SEM of the composites were investigated before and after biodegradation. Generally, water absorption increased with increase in wood particles but decreased with increase in LDPE. This was attributed to the hydrophilic nature of wood and hydrophobicity of the plastic. However, un-used transparent LDPE films in composite showed decreased in amount of water absorbed by 15.7% after 2 hours and 8.5% after 24 hours whereas, waste transparent LDPE in composite gave 14.1% after 2 hours and 13.1% after 24 hours immersion. This was ascribed to the fact that the microorganisms have interacted with the both cellulosic and non -cellulosic components of Iroko wood dust particles thereby creating more -OH groups. This led to the high amount of water absorbed after degradation. Significant decrease in hardness was observed as the Iroko wood dust particles increased at constant LDPE but when LDPE films increased the hardness was however observed to increase at constant hard wood particles. This was attributed to the possible formation of strong interaction between LDPE/Iroko wood dust particles leading to more oriented and better packing of the composite. Both vLDPE and wLDPE composites showed decrease in weight as the time of degradation progresses. Their FT-IR spectra showed the presence of hydroxy, carbonyl and alkyne groups after biodegradation. The SEM mircographs of the composite showedthe growth of A. niger on the surfaces and in the cavities. A decrease in interfacial bonding was visible in composites with higher amount of Irokowood dust particles than with higher amount of LDPE films. The growth of microbes were viewed to be due to the presence of the Iroko wood fibre in the composite rather than the low density polyethylene films. Both the cellulosic and non-cellulosic content of wood could have served as the sources of nutrient for the growth of A. niger. Since the growth of A. niger did not affect these physical properties significantly. Therefore, materials produced such as wooden panel, chair, etc. for outdoor use many not experience significant destruction by the common mold