Intrauterine levonorgestrel delivery with frameless fibrous delivery system: review of clinical experience

Dirk Wildemeersch,1 Amaury Andrade,2 Norman D Goldstuck,3 Thomas Hasskamp,4 Geert Jackers5 1Gynecological Outpatient Clinic and IUD Training Center, Ghent, Belgium; 2Centro de Biologia da Reprodução, Universidade Federal Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape, South Africa; 4Klinik für Operativen Gynäkologie, GynMünster, Münster, Germany; 5Applied Controlled Release, Technology Park, Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium Abstract: The concept of using a frameless intrauterine device (IUD) instead of the conventional plastic framed IUD is not new. Frameless copper IUDs have been available since the late 1990s. They rely on an anchoring system to retain in the uterine cavity. The clinical experience with these IUDs suggests that frameless IUDs fit better as they are thin and, therefore, do not disturb or irritate the uterus. High tolerance and continuation rates have been achieved as complaints of pain are virtually nonexistent and the impact on menstrual blood loss is minimal. Conventional levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems (LNG-IUSs) are very popular as they significantly reduce menstrual bleeding and provide highly effective contraception. However, continuation of use remains problematic, particularly in young users. Total or partial expulsion and displacement of the LNG-IUS also occur too often due to spatial incompatibility within a small uterine cavity, as strong uterine contractions originate, attempting to get rid of the bothersome IUD/IUS. If not expelled, embedment ensues, often leading to chronic pain and early removal of the IUD/IUS. Several studies conducted recently have requested attention to the relationship between the LNG-IUS and the endometrial cavity. Some authors have proposed to measure the cavity width prior to inserting an IUD, as many uterine cavities are much smaller than the currently existing LNG-IUSs. A frameless fibrous drug delivery system fits, in principle, in all uterine cavities and may therefore be preferable to framed drug delivery systems. This review examines the clinical performance, acceptability, and potential of the frameless LNG-IUS (FibroPlant®) when used for contraception, treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and endometrial suppression in women using estrogen replacement therapy, endometrial hyperplasia, and other gynecological conditions. The review concludes that FibroPlant LNG-IUS offers unique advantages in reducing side effects. Keywords: LNG-IUS, frameless, efficacy, safety, acceptabilit

Intrauterine device quo vadis? Why intrauterine device use should be revisited particularly in nulliparous women?

Dirk Wildemeersch,1 Norman Goldstuck,2 Thomas Hasskamp,3 Sohela Jandi,4 Ansgar Pett4 1Gynecological Outpatient Clinic and IUD Training Center, Ghent, Belgium; 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape, South Africa; 3GynMünster, Münster, 4Gynecological Outpatient Clinic, Berlin, Germany Background: Long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods, including intrauterine devices (IUDs) and the contraceptive implant, are considered the best methods for preventing unintended pregnancies, rapid repeat pregnancy, and abortion in young women. An opinion paper of 2012 by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends Mirena and Paragard for use in nulliparous and adolescent women. However, these IUDs are not designed for young women and are not optimal as they often lead to early discontinuation. Objective: This article was written with the objective to respond to the urgent need to improve intrauterine contraception as it is likely that the objectives of LARC will not be met without significant improvement of IUD design. Anatomical variations in size and shape of the uterus are not sufficiently considered, producing harm and suffering, which often lead to early removal of the IUD. Proposed problem solving: The article describes why IUDs should be revisited to meet the challenge of LARC and proposes how to solve these problems. The opinion statement presented here may be considered provocative but is based on hundreds of women with IUD problems who consult or are referred to the practices of the authors of this article due to the disproportion between the IUD and their small uterine cavity. The solution is simple but requires a revision of the current design of IUDs. One-dimensional (longitudinal) IUDs are likely to be the first option. Framed devices with shortened transverse arm and IUDs which adapt to the width of the given uterus are viewed as second best. Conclusion: One of the reasons of the high unintended pregnancy rate in the USA may be the paucity of suitable IUDs. Also, the legal climate in the USA seems to be a problem for developers as many lawsuits have recently been reported. Clinical studies conducted in young nulliparous and adolescent women suggest that IUDs that fit well in the uterine cavity, like a shoe, result in better tolerance, less side effects, and last but not least, higher use continuation rates. Keywords: IUD screening, counseling, frameless IUD/IUS, adapted IUDs, efficacy, tolerance, continuation rat

South Africa’s e-Development Still a Futuristic Task

e-Development, Information society evolution, Telecommunications, ICT, Policy design, Leadership,

Designing for the Functionality South African Internet Banking Websites Should Provide to Address the Needs of Generation-Y Users

Part 1: Long and Short Papers (Continued)International audienceDespite the widespread adoption of Internet banking there are no validated guidelines on the functionality the younger, techno-savvy Generation-Y customer segment (18-35 year age bracket) expect from Internet banking websites. This research investigated the functionality the Generation-Y customer segment require from South-African Internet banking websites. The User Centred Design (UCD) philosophy with a mixed method research design was utilised. Generation-Y technological characteristics and preferences abstracted from the literature were aligned with functionality trends of future Internet banking websites to formulate an initial list of Generation-Y aligned Internet banking functionality guidelines. These were evaluated during interviews with representative Generation-Y customers and also used in the heuristic evaluation of the Internet banking platforms of five South African banks. The findings were integrated towards synthesizing functionality guidelines. A visual representation of these functionality guidelines was constructed as a wireframe prototype for evaluation by Generation-Y users. The main contribution of the study is the validated list of Internet banking functionality guidelines for Generation-Y banking customers