Diabetes mellitus and heart failure — a modern look at the mechanisms of development

Heart failure (HF) is a pressing public health problem. According to the literature, the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly increases the risk of repeated hospitalizations and the length of hospital stay in patients with heart failure. The proportion of HF remains high due to increased life expectancy, higher prevalence of risk factors and improved survival rates. Currently, advances in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) and valvular disease have significantly improved survival rates, but the prognosis for heart failure remains extremely poor. Among the most important medical problems, heart failure occupies a special place in patients with type 2 diabetes. DM contributes to the onset of HF through a variety of mechanisms, including a complex of specific structural, functional, and metabolic changes in the myocardium called diabetic cardiomyopathy. Despite the active study of the causes of cardiomyopathy, the search and implementation of new approaches in assessing the risk of developing this pathological phenomenon in patients with heart failure remains relevant. This review examines current hypotheses for the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy, such as insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, fibrosis, lipotoxicity, and energy disorders

Prognostic value of the Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance in the development of myocardial infarction in patients with coronary artery disease and obesity after coronary stenting

Aim. To assess the predictive value of anthropometric indices in relation to the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and obesity after coronary stenting.Material and methods. The study included 229 patients with class II-IV angina pectoris, hospitalized for elective percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting. The median age was 55±7,5 years. Depending on the presence of obesity according to the World Health Organization criteria (1999), patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 included 107 obese patients, while group 2 — 122 non-obese patients. Patients were measured waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC). In addition, waist-to-hip ratio was assessed. Lipid spectrum parameters were determined (total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The following indices were calculated: body mass index, visceral adiposity index, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR), TG-glucose index, lipid accumulation product, TG/HDL-C ratio, and metabolic index.Results. In the group of patients with obesity, higher values of cholesterol (p<0,001), TG (p<0,001), LDL-C (p=0,006), and lower HDL-C (p<0,001) levels were established. Comparative analysis of metabolic indices showed that all indices significantly differed in both groups. In order to determine the critical values for quantitative predictors, ROC curves were constructed with the determination of threshold values that increase the likelihood of myocardial infarction after revascularization. It has been shown that only the METS-IR has prognostic significance. It was found that the METS-IR >48,16 is a predictor of myocardial infarction in patients with CAD and obesity (area under the ROC curve, 0,653, sensitivity — 75%, specificity — 64,39%; 95% confidence interval: 0,587-0,716; p=0,045).Conclusion. In our study, we demonstrated the significance of the novel METS-IR. We found that the value of METS-IR >48,16 is a predictor of myocardial infarction in patients with CAD and obesity after coronary revascularization (area under the ROC curve, 0,653, sensitivity — 75%, specificity — 64,39%)

Anthropometric indices and their relationship with poor prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and obesity

Aim. To assess the association of anthropometric indices in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and obesity and to study their predictive value in the development of adverse cardiovascular events.Material and methods. The study included 229 patients with CAD (median age, 55±7,56 years). Depending on the presence of obesity according to the World Health Organization criteria (1999), patients were divided into 2 groups. The 1st group included 107 obese patients, while the 2nd group — those without obesity (n=122). The groups were comparable in age. We measured waist (WC) and hip circumference (HC), followed by waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index calculation. The lipid profile parameters were determined by the enzymatic colorimetric method. During the study, the following indices were calculated: body mass index, visceral adiposity index, insulin resistance index, body shape index (BSI), fasting triglyceride (TG)/plasma glucose index, waist-to-height ratio, lipid accumulation product, TG-to-high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.Results. During the follow-up period, adverse cardiovascular events in the 1st group of patients were found in 37 (34,5%) patients, while in the 2nd group, the composite endpoint was revealed in 12,3% of patients. In order to develop a model for predicting the risk of an unfavorable CAD course in obese patients, we performed a logistic regression analysis, which showed that the following were the most significant predictors of unfavorable cardiovascular outcomes: TG/glucose index and BSI.Conclusion. Thus, of all the considered anthropometric indices, only two were associated with unfavorable CAD course — TG/glucose index and BSI. The data obtained indicate the validity of the search for novel useful obesity indicators with a good predictive value

Diabetes mellitus type 2 and acute myocardial infarction: prognostic options for interaction in patients of different age groups

Background. Problems surrounding comorbidities of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease are some of the most important in medical science and practice, given their mutually negative impact on patients prognoses and quality of life. Aims. To study the impact of type 2 diabetes on the long-term prognoses of patients of different age categories, status-post acute myocardial infarction. (Data obtained from the Register of Acute Myocardial Infarction.) Materials and methods. The main data source was the Register of Acute Myocardial Infarction, maintained in Tomsk for more than 30 years. The study included 862 patients with acute myocardial infarction. The patients were monitored for 5 years. The primary endpoint was death from any cause during the observation period. Results. We separated the study cohort into 2 groups depending on patients ages: Group 1 (n = 358) included patients older than working age, Group 2 (n = 504) consisted of younger, employable patients. The combination of ischaemic heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus were diagnosed in 208 patients. The combination of ischaemic heart disease and type 2 diabetes was the cause of adverse prognosis among elderly patients and led to increased mortality rate during the 5-year post-infarction period (p = 0.0003). However, among younger, working patients who suffered myocardial infarction, the presence of type 2 diabetes did not have an independent negative effect on long-term disease prognosis. While in employable patients, a long history of diabetes mellitus significantly aggravated the course of the post-infarction period (p = 0.004). Conclusions. These data suggest an ambiguous prognostic effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus among working age and elderly patients status post myocardial infarction, in agreement with experimental studies conducted on laboratory animals. Further comprehensive analyses of the clinical and experimental data are needed to optimise therapies for patients who suffer from type 2 diabetes and comorbid ischaemic heart disease

ПРОГРАММА ВОЗ «РЕГИСТР ОСТРОГО ИНФАРКТА МИОКАРДА»: ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ МОНИТОРИНГ ОСТРЫХ КОРОНАРНЫХ КАТАСТРОФ

Aim. To assess long-term (1984–2016) trends in the main epidemiological parameters of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with the World Health Organization Epidemiologic Project “Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry”.Methods. Epidemiology of AMI was estimated among permanent urban residents aged over 20 years. The study was performed according to the standard research approach using unified diagnostic (clinical, electrocardiographic, biochemical, and pathomorphological) criteria. There was a total of 49,606 subjects with suspected AMI enrolled in the study. Of whom, 30,362 patients (61.2%) got their diagnosis validated.Results stimated incidence of AMI before 2004 had a wave-like pattern with an overall upward trend. Its rate increased significantly in the period from 2005 to 2010 compared to that in 2004 (p<0.05). In 2011– 2013, the incidence insignificantly increased to 2.23–2.36 cases per 1,000 residents. The incidence rate has been decreasing since that time. Importantly, this decrease was commonly found in male subjects of all ages. However, these changes were less pronounced in women. The changes in the mortality rates virtually followed the incidence rates during the entire period of the study. The overall mortality in AMI patients inTomsk was 35.98% without any changes until 2000s, when it increased due to higher in-hospital mortality among patients who received treatment in the community hospitals. The mean prehospital mortality from AMI was 21.73%. The prehospital mortality rate gradually decreased from 24.8% to 12.3% (p<0.05) in the period from 2001 to 2016. It should be noted that the proportion of elderly subjects died pre-hospitally was the same as those of young adults.Conclusion The 30-year-follow-up suggests that unfavorable epidemiologic situation of AMI is mainly associated with its incidence rates among patients over 60 years.Цель Проанализировать многолетнюю (1984-2016 гг.) динамику основных эпидемиологических показателей острого инфаркта миокарда (ОИМ) по данным эпидемиологической программы Всемирной организации здравоохранения «Регистр острого инфаркта миокарда».Материалы и методы Эпидемиология ОИМ изучалась среди постоянного населения города старше 20 лет. Исследование выполнялось по стандартной методике с использованием унифицированных диагностических (клинических, электрокардиографических, биохимических, патоморфологических) критериев. За анализируемый период зарегистрировано 49606 случаев, подозрительных на ОИМ, из которых заболевание подтвердилось у 30362 (61,2%) больных.Результаты Уровень заболеваемости ОИМ до 2004 года характеризовался волнообразным течением с общей тенденцией к росту. В 2005-2010 гг. отмечено существенное снижение этого показателя по сравнению с 2004 годом (p<0,05). В 2011-2013 гг. показатель заболеваемости незначительно вырос до уровня 2,23-2,36 случаев на 1000 жителей. Затем отмечено снижение заболеваемости, наблюдаемое до настоящего времени, причем данное сокращение произошло преимущественно за счет мужского населения во всех возрастных группах. У женщин изменения показателя заболеваемости были менее значительными. Изменения показателя смертности в течение всего периода исследования практически повторяли таковую у заболеваемости. Уровень общей летальности больных ОИМ в Томске составил 35,98%, и не был подвержен каким либо изменениям, но с 2000 годов наметилась тенденция к росту общей летальности за счет госпитальной, увеличение которой, в свою очередь, произошло в силу значительного роста данного показателя среди больных, лечившихся в непрофильных стационарах. Уровень догоспитальной летальности от ОИМ составил в среднем 21,73%. За период с 2001 по 2016 гг. догоспитальная летальность постоянно снижалась с 24,8% до 12,3% (p<0,05). Следует отметить, что в последние годы, в возрастной структуре больных, погибших на догоспитальном этапе, удельный вес лиц пожилого и старческого возраста был практически таким же, как больных молодых возрастных групп.Заключение На основании более чем 30-летнего мониторинга можно сделать заключение о том, что вся острота эпидемиологической ситуации в отношении ОИМ определялась и определяется частотой развития данного состояния среди населения старше 60 лет.

Genetic Biomarkers of Antipsychotic-Induced Prolongation of the QT Interval in Patients with Schizophrenia.

Antipsychotics (AP) induced prolongation of the QT interval in patients with schizophrenia (Sch) is an actual interdisciplinary problem as it increases the risk of sudden death syndrome. Long QT syndrome (LQTS) as a cardiac adverse drug reaction is a multifactorial symptomatic disorder, the development of which is influenced by modifying factors (APs' dose, duration of APs therapy, APs polytherapy, and monotherapy, etc.) and non-modifying factors (genetic predisposition, gender, age, etc.). The genetic predisposition to AP-induced LQTS may be due to several causes, including causal mutations in the genes responsible for monoheme forms of LQTS, single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of the candidate genes encoding voltage-dependent ion channels expressed both in the brain and in the heart, and SNVs of candidate genes encoding key enzymes of APs metabolism. This narrative review summarizes the results of genetic studies on AP-induced LQTS and proposes a new personalized approach to assessing the risk of its development (low, moderate, high). We recommend implementation in protocols of primary diagnosis of AP-induced LQTS and medication dispensary additional observations of the risk category of patients receiving APs, deoxyribonucleic acid profiling, regular electrocardiogram monitoring, and regular therapeutic drug monitoring of the blood APs levels

Роль приверженности лечению в клиническом течении постинфарктного периода (по данным регистра острого инфаркта миокарда)

Aim. To evaluate the effects of long-term treatment adherence in the post-infarction period, taking into account the clinical and demographic data of patients and the prescribed drug therapies.Methods. A total of 115 patients who survived after myocardial infarction and recruited in the Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry were enrolled in the study. Patients were followed up for 5 years. Treatment adherence was evaluated with the Moriscos-Green scale. Obtained data were processed using the commercially available software Statistica 10.0 and SPSS Statistics Desktop 22.0.Results. Only 45% of patients who survived after myocardial infarction, strictly followed the recommendations of the attending physician regarding the prescribed drug therapy. The Kaplan-Mayer estimator reported that adherence to treatment in patients with myocardial infarction had a more significant role than the compliance of drug therapy with the existing guidelines. However, the mean values of the lipid profile did not reach the target levels regardless of patients’ adherence. In addition, one patient out of five who was strictly adhered to the medical recommendations did not reach the target levels of blood pressure.Conclusion. Adherence to treatment is an independent determinant of the effectiveness of secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. Failure to adhere medical recommendations by patients after myocardial infarction leads to a multiple increase in the likelihood of adverse cardiovascular events. However, failure to achieve the target lipid and blood pressure goals even in those patients who were strictly adhered to treatment may be associated with insufficient doses of drugs, thereby requiring particular attention and concern.Цель. Изучить влияние долгосрочной приверженности лечению на течение постинфарктного периода с учетом клинико-анамнестической характеристики пациентов, особенностей назначаемой медикаментозной терапии.Материалы и методы. В исследование включено 115 пациентов, выживших после перенесенного инфаркта миокарда и зарегистрированных в базе данных «Регистра острого инфаркта миокарда». Наблюдение за пациентами осуществлялось на протяжении 5 лет. Для определения степени приверженности лечению применялась шкала Мориски-Грина. Статистическая обработка результатов производилась с использованием программы Statisticav10.0 и демо-версии программы SPSSStatisticsDesktop, v22.0.Результаты. В результате проведенного исследования установлено, что только 45% пациентов, выживших после перенесенного инфаркта миокарда, строго соблюдали рекомендации лечащего врача относительно применяемой медикаментозной терапии. По результатам анализа кривых Каплана-Майера было установлено, что приверженность лечению у пациентов, перенесших инфаркт миокарда, в настоящем исследовании играла даже большую роль, чем соответствие медикаментозной терапии существующим рекомендациям. Однако средние значения показателей липидограммы не достигали целевых уровней не зависимо от степени приверженности. Кроме этого, каждый пятый пациент, строго соблюдавший врачебные рекомендации, не достигал целевых уровней артериального давления.Заключение. Приверженность лечению является независимым аспектом эффективности мероприятий вторичной профилактики ишемической болезни сердца. Несоблюдение врачебных рекомендаций пациентами, перенесшими инфаркт миокарда, приводит к кратному увеличению вероятности развития неблагоприятных сердечно-сосудистых событий в постинфарктном периоде. Вместе с тем, установленный факт отсутсвия достижения целевых значений липидограммы и уровня артериального давления в постинфарктном периоде даже у приверженных лечению пациентов обусловлен, по-видимому, назначением недостаточных доз медикаментозных препаратов, что также требует к себе повышенного внимания и коррекции

ОЦЕНКА ВЛИЯНИЯ ИНФАРКТА МИОКАРДА В АНАМНЕЗЕ И ПРЕДЫНФАРКТНОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ НА ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ДОГОСПИТАЛЬНОГО ЭТАПА ОСТРОГО ИНФАРКТА МИОКАРДА

Purpose. To compare duration of the prehospital stage of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with and without myocardial infarction in past medical history and with and without preinfarction syndrome over six years.Materials and methods. The study was based on 2008 and 2013 data form the information analysis database of the populationbased epidemiology program of the World Health Organization “Register of Acute Myocardial Infarction”. A total of 627 and 840 cases of AMI were analyzed in Tomsk in 2008 and 2013, respectively. The rates of individuals with AMI in past medical history were 170 (27.1 %) in 2008 and 223 (27.7 %) in 2013; the rates of patients with preinfarction syndrome were 382 (60.9 %) in 2008 and 448 (53.3 %) in 2013.Results. Among patients with and without AMI in past medical history, no significant differences were found in duration of prehospital stages between 2008 and 2015 both for the entire periods and for the temporal components of prehospital stage. Total duration of prehospital stage was longer in patients with preinfarction syndrome compared with those without it. It was true both for the entire prehospital stage duration and for the particular periods except the period of medical delay (physical examination and hospital admission) when the differences were insignificant.Conclusion. This study showed that AMI in past medical history significantly affected neither prehospital stage duration of index AMI nor promptness of seeking medical help by patients. Our results confirmed literature data suggesting that the presence of preinfarction syndrome contributes to the longer duration of the prehospital stage of AMI because patients get used to their pain and spend more time on making decision to seek medical assistance.Цель. Сравнить продолжительность догоспитального этапа (ДЭ) острого инфаркта миокарда (ОИМ) у больных с инфарктом в анамнезе и без такового, а также с предынфарктным состоянием (ПС) и без ПС, в динамике за шесть лет.Материалы и методы. В основу исследования положены данные информационно-аналитической базы данных эпидемиологической популяционной программы ВОЗ «Регистр острого инфаркта миокарда» за 2008 и 2013 гг. Проанализировано 627 случаев заболевания ОИМ в Т омске в 2008-м и 840 – в 2013 г. Число лиц с ОИМ в анамнезе в первый и во второй анализируемый период исследования составило 170 (27,1 %) и 223 (27,7 %), с ПС в анамнезе – 382 (60,9 %) и 448 (53,3 %) больных соответственно.Результаты. В первый и во второй годы исследования существенных различий в продолжительности ДЭ, как в целом так и в отдельных периодах, его составляющих, среди больных с ОИМ и без ОИМ в анамнезе выявлено не было. Общая продолжительность ДЭ у больных с ПС оказалась значительно большей, чем у лиц без ПС. Это отмечено как в отношении всего ДЭ, так и в отношении периодов, его составляющих, за исключением врачебной задержки (осмотр – госпитализация), где различия были незначительными.Заключение. Проведенное исследование показало, что перенесенный в прошлом ОИМ не оказывает существенного влияния на продолжительность ДЭ индексного ОИМ и своевременность обращения больных за медицинской помощью. Были подтверждены имеющиеся в литературе данные о том, что наличие ПС способствует большей продолжительности ДЭ ОИМ, поскольку больные, привыкая к своим болевым ощущениям, тратят больше времени на принятие решения обратиться за медицинской помощью