72 research outputs found
The Co-occurrence of child and intimate partner maltreatment in the family: characteristics of the violent perpetrators
This study considers the characteristics associated with mothers and fathers who maltreat their child and each other in comparison to parents who only maltreat their child. One hundred and sixty-two parents who had allegations of child maltreatment made against them were considered. The sample consisted of 43 fathers (Paternal FamilyâPF) and 23 mothers (Maternal FamilyâMF) who perpetrated both partner and child maltreatment, together with 23 fathers (Paternal ChildâPC) and 26 mothers (Maternal ChildâMC) who perpetrated child maltreatment only. In addition, 2 fathers (Paternal VictimâPV) and 23 mothers (Maternal VictimâMV) were victims of intimate partner maltreatment and perpetrators of child maltreatment and 7 fathers (Paternal Non-abusive CarerâPNC) and 15 mothers (Maternal Non-abusive CarerâMNC) did not maltreat the child but lived with an individual who did. Within their family unit, 40.7% of parents perpetrated both intimate partner and child maltreatment. However, fathers were significantly more likely to maltreat both their partner and child than mothers and mothers were significantly more likely to be victims of intimate partner violence than fathers. PF fathers conducted the highest amount of physical and/or sexual child maltreatment while MC and MV mothers perpetrated the highest amount of child neglect. Few significant differences between mothers were found. PF fathers had significantly more factors associated with development of a criminogenic lifestyle than PC fathers. Marked sex differences were demonstrated with PF fathers demonstrating significantly more antisocial characteristics, less mental health problems and fewer feelings of isolation than MF mothers. MC mothers had significantly more childhood abuse, mental health problems, parenting risk factors and were significantly more likely to be biologically related to the child than PC fathers. This study suggests that violent families should be assessed and treated in a holistic manner, considering the effects of partner violence upon all family members, rather than exclusively intervening with the violent man
Patterns of risk and protective factors in the intergenerational cycle of maltreatment
his study investigates the continuation and discontinuation of the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment within the first 13 months of the childâs life. Differences in risk factors and parenting styles between families who initiate (Initiators), maintain (Maintainers) or break (Cycle Breakers) the intergenerational cycle of child maltreatment are explored in comparison to control families (Controls). One hundred and three Health Visitors were trained to assess risk factors and parenting styles of 4,351 families, at both 4â6 weeks and 3â5 months after birth. Maintainers, Initiators and Cycle Breakers had a significantly higher prevalence for the majority of risk factors and poor parenting styles than Controls. Protective factors of financial solvency and social support distinguished Cycle Breakers from Maintainers and Initiators. Therefore, it is the presence of protective factors that distinguish Cycle Breakers from families who were referred to Child Protection professionals in the first year after birth. A conceptual, hierarchical model that considers history of abuse, risk and protective factors, in turn, is proposed to assess families for the potential of child maltreatment
Effects of cognitive-behavioral programs for criminal offenders
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is among the more promising rehabilitative treatments for
criminal offenders. Reviews of the comparative effectiveness of different treatment approaches
have generally ranked it in the top tier with regard to effects on recidivism (e.g., Andrews et al.,
1990; Lipsey & Wilson, 1998). It has a well-developed theoretical basis that explicitly targets
âcriminal thinkingâ as a contributing factor to deviant behavior (Beck, 1999; Walters, 1990;
Yochelson & Samenow, 1976). And, it can be adapted to a range of juvenile and adult
offenders, delivered in institutional or community settings by mental health specialists or
paraprofessionals, and administered as part of a multifaceted program or as a stand-alone
intervention. Meta-analysis has consistently indicated that CBT, on average, has significant
positive effects on recidivism. However, there is also significant variation across studies in the
size of those treatment effects. Identification of the moderator variables that describe the study
characteristics associated with larger and smaller effects can further develop our understanding
of the effectiveness of CBT with offenders. Of particular importance is the role such moderator
analysis can play in ascertaining which variants of CBT are most effective. The objective of this
systematic review is to examine the relationships of selected moderator variables to the effects
of CBT on the recidivism of general offender populations
Gold standard or fool's gold: the pursuit of certainty in experimental criminology
This article assesses some of the claims made for experimental research in the field of rehabilitation of offenders. It suggests that both policy officials and evaluators have tended to over-invest financially and intellectually in a technocratic model of reducing reoffending that emphasizes programmes for offenders, and to under-invest in models that see the process as a complex âpeople changingâ skill. It argues that the complexity of this process renders it hard to evaluate using experimental methods of evaluation such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RCTs provide strong internal validity, but in complex settings offer weak external validity, making it hard to generalize from the experimental setting to other settings. The article suggests that the proper role for evaluative research in this field should be seen as building and testing middle-level theories about how best to change offendersâ behaviour
A pyruvated carrageenan from Australian specimens of the red alga Sarconema filiforme
The carrageenan from two Australian specimens of the red alga Sarconema filiforme was shown by a combination of compositional analyses, linkage analysis, and Fourier transform infrared and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to be composed predominantly of a hybrid or mixture of carrabiose 2-sulfate (the repeating unit of alpha-carrageenan), carrabiose 2,4'-disulfate (the repeating unit of iota-carrageenan), and the pyruvated unit 4',6'-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)carrabiose 2-sulfate. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
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