Optimized potential of utilization efficiency and productivity in wheat by integrated chemical nitrogen fertilization and stimulative compounds

Foliar sprays application is an important crop management strategy, which could help to maximize yield and other beneficial substances. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at Kafrelsheikh University research farm, Egypt, to study the effect of stimulating compounds (control, salicylic acid and ascobien) and nitrogen levels (0, 57.5, 115, 172.5 and 230 kg N ha-1) on yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of wheat. Results indicated that spraying of ascobien and increasing nitrogen level had significant effect on yield traits. Interaction between stimulating compounds and nitrogen were achieved progressive increases in all yield traits, furthermore, the magnitude of increments was much more pronounced in response to salicylic acid and control treatments in both seasons. It was observed no statistically significant difference between 172.5 and 230 kg N ha-1 in both seasons. A significant interactive effect were observed on grain N uptake, whole plant N uptake, nitrogen harvest index (NHI), nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by using foliar spraying combined with N fertilizer. Grain N uptake and whole plant N uptake were closely correlated with nitrogen under stimulating compounds, whereas ascobien with 172.5 kg N ha-1 was more effective than salicylic acid in both seasons. Interestingly, foliar spraying of ascobien and N level of 172.5 kg ha-1 was the optimal and could be a useful to improve the efficiency of N-fertilizer and it can be saved 57.5 kg N ha-1. Consequently, could be the key to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers and decrease the cost of production

Interaction between cationic and conventional nonionic surfactants in the mixed micelle and monolayer formed in aqueous medium

Mixed micellization and surface properties of cationic and nonionic surfactants dimethyl decyl-, tetradecyl- and hexadecyl phosphineoxide mixtures are studied using conductivity and surface tension measurements. The models of Rubingh, Rosen, and Clint, are used to obtain the interaction parameter, minimum area per molecule, mixed micelle composition, free energies of mixing and activity coefficients. The micellar mole fractions were always higher than ideal values indicating high contributions of cationics in mixed micelles. Activity coefficients were less than unity indicating synergism in micelles. The negative free energies of mixing showed the stability of the surfactants in the mixed micelles

Inheritance of some agronomic characters and rusts resistance in fifteen F2 wheat populations

Six parents, i.e. Gemmeiza 9, Sids 12, Misr 1, Misr 2, Sids 1 and Sham 4, were used and evaluated with corresponding 15 F2 crosses. The parents in each cross were significantly different for most of these characters, revealing the different genetic background of the parents involved. The phenotypic variances in the F2 crosses were differed significantly from the environmental variances in the corresponding parents in most cases. The parents Gemmeiza 9, Sids 12, Misr 1, Misr 2 were resistant for leaf rust and Gemmeiza 9, Sids 12 and Sids 1 were resistant to stem rust. Among the crosses, three crosses, i.e. Misr 2 x Sids 1, Misr 1 x Sids 1 and Gemmeiza 9 x Sids 1 gave the highest grain yield. The means of F2 hybrids were higher than the means of the parents for most studied characters. The ranges of the F2 values went out the ranges of the two parents in most cases, exhibiting transgressive segregation. Most characters showed moderate to high values of broad sense heritabilities. The studied plants in the F2's crosses segregated and gave ratios fitted the ratios 9:7, 9:7, 3:1, 1:3, 13:3 and 3:13 for leaf rust and 9:7, 7: 9, 3:1, 1:3, 3:13 and 1:15 for stem rust with insignificant χ2 values, indicating that the resistant parents for leaf and stem rusts had one or two genes and were complimentary dominance, recessive or independent in their expressions. Based on the resistance to leaf and stem rusts, suitable plant height (90-110 cm) and grain yield higher than the highest parent, 8-17 plants were selected from seven crosses

A COMPARATIVE STUDY FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE AND YIELD STABILITY IN DIFFERENT GENOTYPES OF BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.)

ABSTRACT This comparative study was conducted to access the drought tolerance and yield stability in different genotypes of barley. Study was conducted in growing seasons of 2013-14 and 2014-15 by imposing two water regimes viz. optimal and water stressed. Result of study revealed sufficient genetic variability among the genotypes, substantial expression of genetic potential and the importance of selection was based on stress condition. The mean squares of irrigation regimes explained most of the variations for all the traits in both growing seasons, indicating the relative importance of the genotypes in drought tolerance. Water deficient conditions highly affect the various growth parameters, yield and yield traits in both the studied growing seasons. Among the studied genotypes, Line 2 genotype have minimum heading and maturity time so this genotype could be use as a source of earliness in breeding program. Further, Line 7 and Line 11 genotypes showed highest yield potential under water deficit condition in both seasons, possessed high values for MP, YSI, STI, GMP, YI, and least SSI values less than one indicating suitability of these genotypes for drought tolerance and desirability for both water deficit and non-deficit conditions

Antimicrobial Activity and Quantum Chemical Calculations of Pyrazol-2,3-Dihydrothiazole Sugar Derivatives

A number of new [(pyrazol-4-yl) methylene] hydrazono-2,3-dihydrothiazoles, sugar hydrazones, and their N-glycoside derivatives were synthesized. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR technique. The newly synthesized compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activities and showed moderate to high inhibition activities. Quantum chemistry calculations were used to study the molecular geometry and electronic structure of the selected derivatives. The energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) has been calculated using the theoretical computations to reflect the chemical reactivity and kinetic stability of compounds. Keywords: 1H-pyrazole, aminothiazole, ethylchloroacetate, quantum chemical calculations, antimicrobial activity

Enhancing seed yield of hybrid rice by maintaining row ratio and dosages of gibberellic acid

The purpose of this study was to identify the optimum levels of gibberellic acid and suitable row ratio for maximization the seed yield of hybrid rice. An experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of Rice Research and Training Center, Egypt, during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. The material under this study included the parental lines of IR69625A (Female lines) and Giza 179 R (Restorer line) to produce F0 hybrid seeds. A split-plot design with three replications was used. The main plot was row ratio (2R:8A, 2R:10A and 2R:12A) and sub plots was the doses of gibberellic acid (g/ha) (control, 300, 350, 400). The results indicated that, Application of GA3 and row ratio had significant effect on different traits of seed yield and hybrid seed production. The highest values of flag leaf area, panicle length, seed set, panicle weight, panicle exsertion and seed yield were acheived by using 2R: 8A row ratio and was observed the lowest values were obtained at the 2:12 row ratio. Acoording to gibberellic acid application, the highest values for panicle length (cm), seed set (%), panicle weight (g), panicle exertion (%), harvest index and seed yield were recorded by using 400 g /ha gibberellic acid. Accordingly, the highest net economic return from seed yield was obtained with the treatment combination of 400 g/ha GA3 x 2:8 (R: A) row ratio

Genetic diversity among some rice genotypes with different drought tolerance based on SSR markers

Rice is the most important food crop for the developing world. Hence, identifying rice genotypes to drought tolerance for using as donors in breeding is one of the most important challenges for rice research. Therefore, Molecular markers are useful tools to determine genetic diversity and identifying rice genotypes to drought tolerance. In the present study, A number of 41 rice genotypes with different drought tolerance from different geographic locations were evaluated for genetic diversity by using 15 SSR markers. A total of 68 alleles were detected of which 61(89.79%) were polymorphic. The number of alleles detected by a single marker varied from 2 to 8 alleles with an average of 4.71 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.07 (RM219) to 0.80 (RM263) with an average of 0.52. Genetic similarity coefficients of pair wise comparisons were estimated on the basis of the polymorphic microsatelite loci ranged from 0.23 to 0.91 indicating a wide range of genetic variation present among the studied genotypes. It was determined that the primers RM20A, RM302, RM212 and RM286 could be useful for selecting drought tolerant lines through MAS approach. The most significant application of these identified major QTLs for drought tolerance is to collect those favorable alleles into elite local line through marker assisted breeding. The results indicated the ability of SSR markers to identify the allelic diversity and genetic variation among the studied rice genotypes. These results recommended for using this material in future breeding programs to provide important source of genetic diversity for drought tolerance in rice

Salinity tolerance of black gram cultivars during germination and early seedling growth

A laboratory experiment regarding germination and seedling growth test was conducted with three black gram genotypes tested under three salinity levels (0, 75 and 150 mM), for 10 days, in sand culture within small plastic pot, to investi-gate the germination and seedling growth characteristics. Different germination traits of all black gram genotypes, like germina-tion percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG) greatly reduced, as well as mean germination time (MGT) increased with increasing salt stress. At high salt stress, BARI Mash-3 provided the highest GP reduction (28.58%), while the lowest was recorded (15.79% to control) in BARI Mash-1. Salinity have the negative impact on shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry weights. The highest (50.32% to con-trol) and lowest reduction (36.39%) of shoot length were recorded in BARI Mash-2 and BARI Mash-1, respectively, under 150 mM NaCl saline conditions. There were signifi-cant reduction of root lengths, root fresh and dry weight, shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weight in all genotypes under saline condition. The genotypes were arranged as BARI Mash-1 > BARI Mash-3 > BARI Mash-2, with respect to salinity tolerance

Seasonal Effect on Biomarkers of Exposure to Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Coasts of North Western Suez Gulf, Egypt

Petroleum hydrocarbons of surface water were collected from eight locations of from the coasts of north western Suez Gulf, Egypt. The extracted petroleum hydrocarbons were determined by gas chromatography–flame ionization detector and quantified by integrating the areas of both the resolved and unresolved components. The results confirm that the concentration is relatively higher than the recommended in the regulations of the Egyptian low of Environment of No.4/1994 of petroleum products. At various locations, The dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons ranged from 5.639 to 74.8 and 1.868 to 65.698 mg/ml for summer and winter seasons, respectively. This indicates that chronic oil pollution, in addition to hydrocarbon concentrations, the diagnostic indices used shows that the hydrocarbons in the area were comes from biogenic, petrogenic and anthropogenic sources. FT-IR spectrometric analysis confirms the petrogenic nature of pollutants