Association between glycosylated hemoglobin and newly diagnosed hypertension in a non-diabetic kosovar population: a cross-sectional analysis

Diabetes mellitus is a common disease followed by cardiovascular complications, it is a metabolic syndrome with multiple etiology that is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Hypertension is a serious health condition that is significantly associated with the risks of heart, brain, kidney, and other diseases. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is diagnostic means of diabetes when fasting (venous) glycemia figures are 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l). The purpose of this study is to focus on the diagnosis, and the treatment of the population with diabetes, identifying the necessary targets to guarantee clinical efficacy. Managing diabetes is challenging, and smoking can complicate it. People with diabetes who smoke often need larger doses of insulin to keep their blood sugar near normal levels. To assess the amount of vitamin D bound to hemoglobin, the study analyzed a number of laboratory parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes. The importance of this study is the estimation of the amount of enzyme-linked immunosorbent vitamin D. Laboratory parameters of diabetic patients were divided into three categories based on increased levels of glycosylated hemoglobin. Vitamin D levels were analyzed in these categories with increased HbA1c values. The influence of smoking and hypertension on laboratory parameters of diabetic patients was analyzed. The observations were carried out in the form of a database, and the methods that allowed the results for all parameters were followed. The data on the homogeneity of the selected information groups cover 150 patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, 40.67% were men, 59.33% were women. Similarly, (in fasting patients), a high OGTT-2-hour glucose level, the hemoglobin test indicates [A1C(HbA1c)] level, cardiovascular disease, and serum vitamin D. Overall, 47.33% of the patients were deficient in vitamin D. Decreased levels of vitamin D were associated with increased levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, while 22% were deficient. As a result, 74.67% of tobacco users had hypertension. Vitamin D deficiency may increase in patients with diabetes, with increased levels of glycosylated hemoglobin

Anthropogenic Sources and their Environmental Impact to Surface Waters

Abstract Influence of the human beings to the nature initially was inexistent, but it increased continuously until the industri

Primary hydatid cyst of the gallbladder: a case report

Abstract Introduction Echinococcosis, or hydatid disease, is endemic in some regions of the world, and has been a common pathology of surgical wards in Kosovo. Primary hydatid cyst of the gallbladder is an unusual and very rare localization of hydatid disease. So far, only five cases that fulfill the criteria of primary gallbladder hydatidosis have been published in the English medical literature. Case presentation We report a case of a 39-year-old Kosovan Albanian woman referred to the Abdominal Surgery Division of the University Clinical Center of Kosovo for "a calcified hydatid cyst of the liver with gallbladder involvement". Her history was significant for chronic right upper quadrant pain, characterized as intermittently colicky pain, accompanied by nausea. The patient underwent right subcostal laparotomy. Intra-operatively, a calcified primary hydatid cyst of the gallbladder was found. Its pericyst was tightly attached to the liver. Complete pericystectomy with cholecystectomy followed. The histopathology confirmed the presence of calcified hydatid cyst of the gallbladder, and that the cyst had developed entirely extra-mucosally. Five year follow-up showed no recurrence of disease. Conclusion Primary hydatid cyst of the gallbladder is a very rare clinical entity. Accurate preoperative diagnostic localization is not always easy, particularly in centers with limited diagnostic tools.</p