Perception vs pain and beliefs about pain control and Type A behavior pattern in patients with chronic ischemia of lower extremities or with rheumatoid arthritis

Monika Kadłubowska,1 Ewelina Bąk,1 Czesław Marcisz,2 Maria Kózka,3 Anna Michalik,1 Jolanta Kolonko,1 Bożena Krawczyk,1 Dorota Dobrzyń-Matusiak,4 Zofia Kapusta-Nowak5 1University of Bielsko-Biała, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bielsko-Biała, Poland; 2Medical University of Silesia, Department of Gerontology and Geriatric Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Katowice, Poland; 3Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Clinical Nursing, Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cracow, Poland; 4Medical University of Silesia, Department of Nursing Propaedeutics, School of Health Sciences, Katowice, Poland; 5Medical University of Silesia, Department of Health Promotion and Community Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Katowice, Poland Objective: The study aimed at determining the experience of pain taking into consideration beliefs about pain control, Type A behavior pattern and sociodemographic factors in patients with chronic ischemia of the lower extremities or with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods: The study enrolled 100 patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and 100 patients with RA. The subjective sensation of pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS); beliefs about pain control were analyzed using the Beliefs about Pain Control Questionnaire (BPCQ), taking into consideration internal factors, the influence of physicians and accidental events (chance); and Type A behavior features (haste and competition) were analyzed using the Framingham Type A Scale. The multiple regression model was used to assess associations between the experienced pain and the BPCQ value, the Framingham Type A Scale and sociodemographic factors.Results: The pain intensity degree was found to be comparable in patients with PAD and with RA. The median determined using the VAS was 5.75 in both of the studied groups. In patients with PAD, lower VAS values were associated with the BPCQ – internal factors (P<0.05) whereas a higher VAS value was related to the BPCQ – physicians’ influence (P<0.001). In patients with RA, a higher VAS value was associated with BPCQ – physicians’ influence (P<0.05), disease duration (P<0.05) and smoking cigarettes (P<0.05).Conclusion: Experiencing pain by patients with chronic ischemia of the lower extremities occurs at a moderate level and is beneficially connected with the internal factors and adversely connected with the external factors of beliefs about pain control. Patients with RA reported pain ailments of a moderate level in connection with the adverse influence of the external factors of beliefs about pain control, the duration of the disease and smoking cigarettes. Experiencing pain by patients with chronic ischemia of the lower extremities and RA does not seem to be related to Type A behavior. Keywords: inflammatory process, atherosclerosis, discomfort, temperament, patients’ beliefs about pain control&nbsp

Irradiation with 365 nm and 405 nm wavelength shows differences in DNA damage of swine pancreatic islets.

Introduction3D printing is being used more extensively in modern biomedicine. One of the problems is selecting a proper crosslinking method of bioprinted material. Amongst currently used techniques we can distinguish: physical crosslinking (e.g. Ca2+ and Sr2+) and chemical crosslinking-the UV light crosslinking causing the biggest discussion. UV radiation is selectively absorbed by DNA, mainly in the UV-B region but also (to some extent) in UV-A and UV-C regions. DNA excitement results in typical photoproducts. The amount of strand breaks may vary depending on the period of exposition, it can also differ when cells undergo incubation after radiation.AimThe aim of this study was to show whether and how the time of irradiation with 405 nm and 365 nm wavelengths affect DNA damage in cell lines and micro-organs (pancreatic islets).Materials and methodsThe degree of DNA damage caused by different wavelengths of radiation (405 nm and 365 nm) was evaluated by a comet assay. The test was performed on fibroblasts, alpha cells, beta cells and porcine pancreatic islets after 24 hours incubation period. Samples without radiation treatment were selected as a control group. Results analysis consisted of determining the percent of cells with damaged DNA and the tail intensity evaluation.ResultsThe degree of DNA damage in pancreatic islets after exposure to 405 nm wavelength oscillated between 2% and 6% depending on the tested time period (10 - 300 seconds). However, treating islets using 365 nm wavelength resulted in damage up to 50%. This clearly shows significantly less damage when using 405 nm wavelength. Similar results were obtained for the tested cell lines.ConclusionsCrosslinking with 405 nm is better for pancreatic islets than crosslinking with 365 nm UV light