Phylogenetic analyses of hepatitis B virus isolated in Pekanbaru, Indonesia

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the main cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in Asia. HBV genotypes and subtypes have a distinct geographic and ethnic distribution. Additionally, HBV genotypes may influence the clinical manifestation of chronic hepatitis B infection, development of HCC and treatment outcome. Objective: This study aimed to determine the HBV genotypes and subtypes among chronic hepatitis B-infected patients in Pekanbaru city, Indonesia. Methods: HBV DNA was amplified and sequenced from 30 HBV chronically infected subjects. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on partial nucleotide sequences of HBV S gene fragment. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method with software program of Mega version 4.1. HBV subtypes was determined based of amino acid sequences at position 122 and 160. Results: This study included 7 asymptomatic carriers, 9 patients with liver cirrhosis and 14 with hepatoma. Of the 30 HBV DNA analyzed, 19 (63,7 %) were classified as HBV genotype C and 11 (37,3 %) belonged to genotype B. Patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatoma were more frequently infected with HBV genotype C than genotype B. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses revealed that all HBV genotype Bs were clustered with subgenotype B3, whereas genotype Cs were predominantly grouped with subgenotype C1 (63.2 %). While C1 was the most common HBV subgenotype in hepatoma patients, subgenotype B3 and C1 predominated in patients with liver cirrhosis. The majority of isolates belonged to serological subtype adr (63.3 %) followed by subtype adw (36.7 %). Conclusion: These findings suggest that infection with HBV genotype C resulted into more severe forms of chronic hepatitis B infection, including liver cirrhosis and hepatoma

Orthopaedic education in Indonesia

[no abstract available

Incidence of wound infection in orthopaedic same day surgery and its financial implication

[no abstract available

Classically Conditioned Blood Pressure Decreases Induced by Electrical Stimulation of Posterior Lateral Hypothalamus in Rabbits

ABSTRACT An experimental group of 5 rabbits received 5 acquisition sessions during which repeated presentation of a 550 Hz tone for 10 sec as the conditioned stimulus (CS) was always followed immediately by 25 pulse per sec, 10 sec train‐duration stimulation of the posterior lateral hypothalamus as the unconditioned stimulus (US). A control group of 5 rabbits received random presentations of the CS and US. The unconditioned responses (URs) to intracranial stimulation consisted of tachycardia and a depressor response; conditioned responses (CRs) consisted of depressor responses unaccompanied by systematic changes in heart rate. Neither systematic heart rate nor blood pressure responses occurred to the CS in the control group. The present results contrast with those of previous studies in rabbits in which higher frequency, shorter pulse‐train hypothalamic stimulation as US induced a pressor response and reflexive bradycardia as URs, and bradycardia unaccompanied by blood pressure changes as CRs. It is concluded that hypothalamic stimulation as US permits more than one cardiovascular response pattern to be studied under controlled conditions during classical conditioning