68 research outputs found

    Fiskalische Kosten einer steuerlichen Förderung von Forschung und Entwicklung in Deutschland - Eine empirische Analyse verschiedener Gestaltungsoptionen

    Get PDF
    Der Beitrag berechnet die AufkommensausfĂ€lle verschiedener Gestaltungsmodelle fĂŒr eine steuerliche Forschungsförderung in Deutschland auf Basis eines Mikrosimulationsmodells. Die fiskalischen Kosten betragen zwischen 464 Mio. € und 5.701 Mio. €. Eine Erstattungsoption der Steuergutschrift ĂŒber die Gewerbe- und Körperschaftsteuerschuld hinaus ist unerlĂ€sslich, da sonst etwa ein Drittel der Unternehmen nicht oder nur teilweise in den Genuss der Förderung kommen wĂŒrde und sich dadurch starke Verzerrungen zwischen ertragsstarken und ertragsschwachen Unternehmen ergeben. Eine Differenzierung der FördersĂ€tze fĂŒr KMU und große Unternehmen kann die AufkommensausfĂ€lle wirksam begrenzen. Eine Kappungsgrenze in Höhe eines absoluten Betrages ist wegen der Verzerrungen innerhalb der Gruppe großer Unternehmen ungĂŒnstig. Als besonders pragmatisch erscheint eine Verrechnung der Steuergutschrift mit der abzufĂŒhrenden Lohnsteuer

    Educators' working conditions in a day care centre on ownership of a non-profit organization

    Get PDF
    Background: Working conditions of nursery school teachers have not been scrutinized thoroughly in scientific research. Only a few studies have so far examined work-load and strain in this profession. Preferably, subjective perceptions should be corroborated by data that can be quantified more objectively and accurately. The aim of the present observational field study was to evaluate pedagogical staffs' workflow. Methods: In 2009 eleven educators in a day care centre were observed throughout three complete workdays. A total of 250 working hours were recorded. Results: An educators' workday lasted on average 07:46:59 h (SD = 01:01:10 h).Within this time span, an average of 02:20:46 h (30.14%, SD = 00:28:07 h) were spent on caring, 01:44:18 h on playing (22.33%, SD = 00:54:12 h), 00:49:37 h on educational work (10.62%, SD = 00:40:09), and only 00:05:38 h on individual child contact (1.21%, SD = 00:04:58 h). Conclusion: For the first time, educators' workflow in day care centres was studied in real time. Some of the educators' self-reported problems were corroborated. The results of this study form a basis upon which further investigations can be built and measures can be developed for an overall improvement of child care

    Privacy Oriented Clearing for the German Health-Care System

    No full text
    We present a clearing scheme for health-care in Germany that allows for the specific privacy interests of all participants, including the patient. Health insurance plays a key role in the German clearing system and it is their vital interest to reduce their overall cost as much as possible. Our scheme supports these interests while protecting the privacy of the insured persons and medical professionals.
    • 

    corecore