Equitable allocation of extrarenal organs: With special reference to the liver

A national plan is proposed for the equitable allocation of extrarenal organs, with particular reference to the liver. The principles of the plan include preferential use of the organs in the local and regional area of procurement, with national listing of the organs left over after the original cut. At each of the local, regional, and national levels, the allocation is based on total points awarded for medical urgency, time waiting, blood group conformity, and physical location of both donor and recipient. The plan, which should be applicable as well for allocation of hearts, is compatible with international sharing with nearby countries such as Canada

Tetracycline resistance genes in Salmonella from growing pigs and their relationship to antimicrobial use and resistance to other antimicrobials

The aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of three genes coding for tetracycline resistance in Salmonellae isolated from normal slaughter weight pigs, and to test for relationships between the occurrence of these genes, phenotypic resistance, and the use of antimicrobials in feed and water

Cryopreservation of Salmonella enterica in porcine fecal samples

Fecal samples are normally tested for Salmonella soon after collection because storage at any temperature, including refrigeration or freezing, can reduce detection. To evaluate several cryopreservation techniques, autoclaved porcine feces with and without additives were inoculated with 103 CFU S. Derby (UW -9)/g with autoclaved feces pnor to freezing. The mixtures and % of the CFU inoculum that was recovered was as follows: Feces only, 11 %; 50% feces plus 50% glycerol, 45%, 25% feces, 50% glycerol, 25% tetrathionate broth, 63%, 25% feces, 50% glycerol, 25% buffered peptone water (BPW), 66%; 50% feces, 50% glycyceroi/Tris buffer, 58%; 50 % feces, 50% BPW, 30%. When fresh (not autoclaved) feces were used, inoculated with a nalidixic acid resistant S Typhimurium (WI-73), 4% of the inoculum was recovered from undiluted frozen feces wh1le the add1tlon of 50% BPW before freezmg mcreased recovery to 27%

Salmonella prevalence in pigs reared on farms with and without antimicrobials

A convenience sample of farms using antimicrobials (antimicrobial-using, AMU) post-weaning for therapy and/or growth promotion (n=21) were contrasted to a convenience sample of farms not using antimicrobials post-weaning (antimicrobial-free, AMF, n=21) distributed across three US geographic areas

Campylobacter Prevalence and Diversity in Antimicrobial Free and Conventionally Reared Market Swine

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. among pigs raised antimicrobial free (ABF) and those raised conventionally. Bacterial isolation was done on-farm and at slaughter using conventional methods and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done for 12 antimicrobials using Kirby-Bauer and epsilometric test (E-test) methods. All 14 herds were positive for Campylobacter. On-farm prevalence among ABF herds was 71% and 81% among conventional herd. In contrast, the prevalence among carcass swabs was higher among ABF herds than conventional herds with 60% and 29% respectively. There was significant reduction after chilling in all groups (p\u3c0.05). On-farm frequency of antimicrobial resistance was significantly higher among isolates from conventional herds than ABF (p\u3c0.05). In contrast frequency of resistance to five of the seven antimicrobials was higher among carcass swabs of ABF herds than conventional herds

A multifactorial system for equitable selection of cadaver kidney recipients

During 1986, a total of 270 cadaver renal transplantations were performed at the University of Pittsburgh. Kidneys were allocated by a point system that awarded points to recipients for waiting time, antigen matching, antibody analyses, medical urgency, and logistic practicality. Kidneys were given to patients with the highest point totals in 98% of cases. To our knowledge, this is the first such multifactorial system for cadaver kidney allocation. Possibly it may be modified for extrarenal organs

Campylobacter prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in swine reared in antimicrobial-free and conventional production systems

The objective of this study was to determine and compare the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter species in swine reared in the conventional and antimicrobial free production (ABF) production systems as part of a multi-state study. To date, 19 conventional and 16 ABF groups have been followed

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Campylobacter isolated from conventional and antibiotic free swine farms in three geographic locations

The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter were examined from swine reared in conventional and antimicrobial-free (ABF) production systems in three geographical locations: North Carolina (NC), Ohio (OH) and Wisconsin (WI). Methods: A total of 1500 pigs and 1930 carcass swab samples were evaluated for the prevalence of Campylobacter. Fecal samples from 662 pigs from NC (370 conventional farms and 292 ABF farms), 379 from OH (268 conventional and 111 ABF) and 459 from WI (160 conventional and 299 ABF) were included. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using agar dilution method against a panel of six antimicrobials

Chlorate concentration in the jejunum and cecum in growing pigs when supplemented in feed

Prior research has demonstrated that oral administration of chlorate and nitrate results in reduced risk and/or concentration of Salmonella enterica fecal shedding of infected pigs, poultry and ruminants. The effect of chlorate is concentration dependent in vitro, but the concentration of chlorate in the Gl tract has not been measured in vivo, and consequently the optimal dose of chlorate is poorly defined. We administered three dosages of chlorate (0, 40 and 120 mg/kg/day) and nitrate (0, 2 and 8 mg/kg/day) to 18 growing pigs using a 3 x 3 factorial study design. After 1 or 5 days of treatment subjects were humanely sacrificed to allow collection of jejunal and cecal content samples. The dose of chlorate and nitrate was at or doses associated with suppressed Salmonella shedding in a prior study in our lab. Samples were assayed using LC-MS-MS and chromatographic methods

Ethnic Comparison of Weight Loss in Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1038/oby.2002.1