Exploring Faith-based Giving as an Alternative Funding Model for CSOs

Civil society organisations (CSOs) in Ghana are generally fragile and dependent on donor funding mechanisms for survival. Recent studies show that financial sustainability of CSOs is challenging, which has spurred conversations on new alternative funds mobilisation routes, innovative methods and strategies to ensure its sustainability. This scoping report highlights the opportunities and challenges associated with faith-based giving as a domestic resource mobilisation (DRM) strategy that CSOs could explore in Ghana. Specifically, the report highlights the experiences of funds mobilisation, the strategies, the opportunities and successes and the challenges. It draws on in-depth interviews from 6 faith-based organisations (FBOs), three CSOs that have funds mobilisation connections with FBOs and 2 key informants or experts working within the civil society space in Ghana. The report stresses four key messages.First, the key sources of domestic faith-based giving for Faith-based organisations are: (i) Special collections and offerings collected by affiliated religious bodies to support the FBOs; (ii) Individual contributions, appeals, pledges and gifts from members of religious affiliations (local and foreign); (iii) Allocations from headquarters or the 'root' organisations from which the faith-based organisations were formed and (iv) Volunteers and in-kind contributions from partners and stakeholders. However, faith-based domestic resource mobilisation has not been systematically integrated into the core strategy of domestic resource mobilisation efforts of some faith-based organisations as they draw their funding mainly from external sources.Second, religious organisations affiliated to Faith-based organisations use multiple strategies to encourage and mobilise funds and resources from givers. Four commonest approaches identified are: i) using education, doctrines and psychological preparation towards giving; b) instituting 'special days' for collection from givers; iii) being accountable and effectively communicating results and iv) effectively communicating mission to givers.Third, opportunities for mobilising funds and resources from faith-based sources exist because (i) large religious base of the country who are motivated by faith to give; (ii) indigenous systems and culture of giving in Ghana and (iii) growing technologies and digital infrastructure that provide convenience for givers. Strong connections to a 'base'/constituents is important for generation of funds.However, there are some challenges that constrain the prospect of domestic mobilisation of faith-based funds to boost financial sustainability of CSOs while also promoting socio-economic development in Ghana. Six key challenges have been articulated below: (i) general perceptions of CSOs and development actors ; (ii) culture of giving is skewed towards ad-hoc social welfare causes than long-term development actions that address systemic changes ; (iii) The difficulty of working with rising middle class and high-net worth personalities and (iv) weak transparent and accountable systems of CSOs. Some non-faith-based organisations also find it difficult mobilising domestic faith-based resources because of: (i) unfavourable perception and risk of associating with faith-based organisations and ii) clash of religious doctrines and some principles and values held by organisations

Promising Start, but bleak future? Progress of Ghana's National Health Insurance Schemes towards Universal Health Coverage

In 2003 the Government of Ghana, West Africa began implementing a National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) to improve health care access for Ghanaians and eventually as a cardinal strategy towards meeting the ideals of universal health coverage. After nearly a decade of implementation, this article attempts to examine the progress made in meeting the policy objective of ensuring that all residents of the country get an acceptable quality package of essential healthcare. The major finding from this study suggests that although the NHIS cover a wide range of services as well as absorption of remarkable proportion of healthcare cost , coverage of the scheme could best be described as low after nearly a decade of implementation as over 60% of the population are uninsured, and hence financially unprotected. In progressing faster towards UHC, the paper proposes some strategies for widening NHIS finance and recommends different strategies of expanding membership enrolment including a consideration of commission-based remuneration for NHIS registration staff. Keywords: Ghana, National Health Insurance, Universal Health Coverage, health financin

Leiomyosarcoma of the Mesentery

The mesentery is a common site of metastasis from gastrointestinal, pancreatic, and biliary cancers. Primary mesenteric cancers are rare and usually mesenchymal and benign. Mesenteric leiomyosarcoma is a rare, malignant smooth muscle sarcoma with an incidence of 1:350000. It usually arises from the vasculature of the mesentery. The ileum of the small bowel is the most common site of origin. Due to its low incidence, preoperative diagnosis is difficult. This is a report of a 71-year-old woman who presented with several months of a lower abdominal mass and recent onset of associated abdominal discomfort. An earlier colonoscopy 8 months previously was unremarkable. A recent abdominal and pelvic computed tomography scan revealed a necrotic mass in the central mesentery. She underwent surgical resection of the mass to include the overlying segment of the small intestine and had an uneventful convalescence. Mesenteric leiomyosarcoma is a rare tumor that is diagnosed based on histological examination with immunohistochemistry. As a result, there is minimal information on its clinical presentation, pathology, and treatment

Occupational Health Hazards and Safety of the Informal Sector in the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Area of Ghana

In Ghana, the informal sector comprises over 70% of the labour force and contributes substantially to the poverty reduction objective of the country. Yet most of their activities are often considered hazardous and take place in unhealthy and unsafe environment. This study was conducted to systematically identify the various occupational hazards and risks faced among beauticians, Garage/mechanics, taxi Drivers and head Porters in the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Area of Ghana. The study finds that workers are exposed to a range of physical, ergonomic, chemical and psycho-social hazards which cause diseases. Yet nearly 62.5% of them have not registered under the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) which can cushion them for paying high medical bills in cases of serious injuries. The paper consequently recommends that an Occupational Health and Safety Policy is formulated and intensive education through the mass media, undertaken to sensitize workers on their work environment and the level of risk exposure. Keywords: Ghana, informal sector, occupational hazards, occupational safet

Saving forests to mitigate climate change: What can microfinance contribute to the REDD+ policy process in Ghana?

Deforestation is estimated to contribute to one-fifth of climate change. The idea of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) has been promoted by UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to save tropical forest and mitigate climate change. In Ghana, deforestation is thought to have been driven largely by expansive cocoa production system. In view of this, the policy strategy of the Government has focused on improving cocoa productivity to reduce the expansive forms of agriculture into forest areas. This paper discusses the roles that microfinance can play in this effort. It draws on long-term research on microfinance and semi-structured interviews from hundred households in seven communities around the Kakum National Park in the Twifo Hemang Lower Denkyira District, Ghana. The paper finds that microfinance can enable smallholder farming communities to reduce deforestation in Ghana through at least three roles. These are (a) agricultural investment (b) technological adoption and (c) agribusiness skills development. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the project implementers   stand a better chance of achieving the project objective if they include microfinance elements into the programme. Given the centrality of REDD+ in the international effort of climate change mitigation, this research adds important insights into one of the ways through which the vision of halting, slowing and reversing trends of deforestation could be achieved in Ghana and elsewhere. Keywords: microfinance, REDD+, climate change, Ghana, agricultur

The influence Of Bi2O3 and Sb2O3 doping on the microstructure and electrical properties of sintered zinc oxide

The influence of Bi2O3 and Sb2O3 doping on the microstructure and electrical characteristics of Zinc Oxide based varistor has been investigated. The as-sintered ceramic varistors with different compositions have been characterized via laboratory X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and electrical measurements. Bismuth oxide doping resulted in liquid phase sintering, rapid densification, grain growth and electrical varistor precipitating to a spinel phase and thereby inhibiting grain growth. Electrical property measurements indicate varistor behaviour for both cases of doping.http://www.arpnjournals.com/jeas/index.ht

Inkjet-printed graphene electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells

We present a stable inkjet printable graphene ink, formulated in isopropyl alcohol via liquid phase exfoliation of chemically pristine graphite with a polymer stabilizer. The rheology and low deposition temperature of the ink allow uniform printing. We use the graphene ink to fabricate counter electrodes (CE) for natural and ruthenium-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The repeatability of the printing process for the CEs is demonstrated through an array of inkjet-printed graphene electrodes, with ∼5% standard deviation in the sheet resistance. As photosensitizers, we investigate natural tropical dye extracts from Pennisetum glaucum, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Among the three natural dyes, we find extracts from C. pulcherrima exhibit the best performance, with ∼0.9% conversion efficiency using a printed graphene CE and a comparable ∼1.1% efficiency using a platinum (Pt) CE. When used with N719 dye, the inkjet-printed graphene CE shows a ∼3.0% conversion efficiency, compared to ∼4.4% obtained using Pt CEs. Our results show that inkjet printable graphene inks, without any chemical functionalization, offers a flexible and scalable fabrication route, with a material cost of only ∼2.7% of the equivalent solution processed Pt-based electrodes.Authors acknowledge support from CAPREX, Cambridge Africa Alborada Fund, Carnegie-University of Ghana Next Generation of Africa Academics programme and the Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng) through a research fellowship (Graphlex)

Who is marginalized in energy justice? Amplifying community leader perspectives of energy transitions in Ghana

There is a divide in energy access studies, between technologically-focused modeling papers in engineering and economics, and energy justice frameworks and principles grounded in social sciences. Quantitative computational models are necessary when analyzing energy, and more specifically electricity, systems, as they are technologically-complex systems that can diverge from intuitive patterns. To assure energy justice, these models must be reflective of, and informative to, a wide range of stakeholders, including households and communities alongside utilities, governments, and others. Yet, moving from a qualitative understanding of preferences to quantitative modeling is challenging. In this perspective piece, we pilot the use of the value-focused thinking framework to inform stakeholder engagement. The result is a strategic objective hierarchy that highlights the tradeoffs and the social, economic and technological factors that need to be measured in models. We apply the process in Ghana, using a survey, stakeholder workshops, and follow-up interviews to uncover key tradeoffs and stakeholder-derived objectives. We discuss three key areas that have been rarely, if ever, well-represented in energy models: (1) the relationship between the dynamics of electricity end-use and the technology and economic structure of the system; (2) explicit tradeoffs between electricity access, cost, and reliability as defined by stakeholders; and (3) the definition of new objectives, such as minimizing hazards related to theft. We conclude that this model of engagement provides an opportunity to tie together rigorous qualitative analysis and stakeholder engagement with crucial quantitative models of the electricity system

Synthesis and microstructural characterization of kaolin-polyethylene composites

In this article, the preparation and characterization of kaolin/polyethylene composites are presented. Microstructural characteristics of six different kaolin–polyethylene composites with varying percentage compositions of kaolin and polymer were produced using a modified melt compounding approach, was explored. The characterization methods employed are scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance mid Infrared (ATR-MIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), compressive, flexural strengths and impact resistance analysis. The implications of the results are discussed for the design of kaolin/polymer composites for constructional purposes.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1548-0569hb201

Data-Driven Optimization of Public Transit Schedule

Bus transit systems are the backbone of public transportation in the United States. An important indicator of the quality of service in such infrastructures is on-time performance at stops, with published transit schedules playing an integral role governing the level of success of the service. However there are relatively few optimization architectures leveraging stochastic search that focus on optimizing bus timetables with the objective of maximizing probability of bus arrivals at timepoints with delays within desired on-time ranges. In addition to this, there is a lack of substantial research considering monthly and seasonal variations of delay patterns integrated with such optimization strategies. To address these,this paper makes the following contributions to the corpus of studies on transit on-time performance optimization: (a) an unsupervised clustering mechanism is presented which groups months with similar seasonal delay patterns, (b) the problem is formulated as a single-objective optimization task and a greedy algorithm, a genetic algorithm (GA) as well as a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm are employed to solve it, (c) a detailed discussion on empirical results comparing the algorithms are provided and sensitivity analysis on hyper-parameters of the heuristics are presented along with execution times, which will help practitioners looking at similar problems. The analyses conducted are insightful in the local context of improving public transit scheduling in the Nashville metro region as well as informative from a global perspective as an elaborate case study which builds upon the growing corpus of empirical studies using nature-inspired approaches to transit schedule optimization.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures, 2 table