Simulation Furrow Irrigation by Winsrfr4.1 in order to Determine the Optimum Length of Furrow

Introduction: Surface irrigation methods are the most common methods for irrigation of agricultural land. These methods are superior to sprinkler, drip and underground irrigation, because they have lower costs of funding and implementation, is inexpensive, needed maintenance of equipment is simple and does not require skilled labor. New requirements for the use of municipal water, energy, industrial, and military intends to further improve the performance of surface irrigation systems. In other words, the low efficiency of surface irrigation is not related to the method of it, but the weakness is because of the design, implementation and management. Due to the special place of Khuzestan province in southwest of Iran in agriculture and applied surface irrigation for most of the farms in this province, in the present study was simulated water flow in furrow irrigation by using WinSRFR4.1 and the optimum length of furrow was determined in the experimental farm of the Water Sciences Engineering Shoshtar University. For this purpose, advance and recession of flow were simulated by Zero inertia and Kinematic wave model and result were compared with observed data. Materials and Methods: In order to calculate and predicte advance and recession curves field measurement is necessary, but it takes a lot of time and cost. Therefore, the use of mathematical models and software for access information is important. In this research the amount of advance in furrow irrigation was measured and the results were compared with simulation of WinSRFR4.1.Field experiments was conducted in the research field of Water Sciences Engineering Shoshtar University. Data were collected from three furrows. The lengths of them were 60, 80 and 100 meters. Irrigation was performed under three discharges (1, 1.25 and 1.5 L/s), with three iterations. Three experiments furrows were provided which central furrow was for measurement data and side furrows were as buffer furrow. Before experiment in order to determine soil texture undisturbed soil samples were prepared from four depths 25-0, 50-25, 75-50 and 100-75 cm. Soil texture was determined in laboratory using the hydrometer method. The water supply was transported by pumping the water to the farm. This research was conducted in the winter of 2012 and spring of 2013. The end of furrow was opened. Input and output flows were controlled with W.S.C flume. Infiltration data were also measured according to two point method. Model using 27 set of field data was run and the results were compared with WinSRFR4.1 software. For evaluating the results of the model were used Esfandiari and Maheshwari’s statistical method. Results and Discussion: For comparison between measurement and simulation data , , and indices were applied. The results of this study indicated that the phase advance of predicted values for all models is greater than the observed values. The average relative error rate of zero inertia models was 9.588 percent which indicated that Zero inertia models is the best model to predict the advance phase. The worst predictions were for Kinematic wave models with an average relative error equal to 33.21%. According to the results, the value of λ and for the Zero inertia model was 1.0912 and 98.76 respectively. The amount of error of field parameters such as; infiltration characteristic and hydraulic resistance are important for selection of model. So, for adjusting the amount of error in all models to predict an acceptable threshold tolerance was defined. Conclusion: According to the results, Zero inertia and Kinematic wave models estimated advance time more than real condition. The results of the Zero inertia model were closer to measurement data than a Kinematic wave model. The maximum relative error was in discharge equal to 1.25 (l/s) in all models. With increasing the length of the furrow and input discharge the relative error of zero inertia models will be decreased. The results represented that in low discharge the infiltration depth was increased. Finally, it can be concluded thatthe zero inertia models are suitable for the study area and in study area, suitable length of the furrow is 100 (m)

Phytoremediation: an alternative tool towards clean and green environment

Wetlands being the most productive and ecologically sensitive and adaptive ecosystems are constantly being challenged with anthropogenic pressures due to their wide variety of services they provide to mankind. The vast expansions of human population and associated activities have put a tremendous amount of pressure on these naturally occurring resources. Uncontrolled discharge of effluents in water from various sources resulted into altered nature of the associated ecosystems giving rise to several health issues and problems. Hence, realising the urgent need of protecting these ecologically fragile ecosystems several adaptive measures have been taken. In this connection, it is found that the available conventional methods are not feasible on various grounds like their cost, their by-products, time frame, etc. Therefore, the use of plants emerged as the alternative and promising tool for safe and sustainable ecosystem supporting life.Sandhya Misra, and Krishna G. Misra