8,468 research outputs found
Testing Closed String Field Theory with Marginal Fields
We study the feasibility of level expansion and test the quartic vertex of
closed string field theory by checking the flatness of the potential in
marginal directions. The tests, which work out correctly, require the
cancellation of two contributions: one from an infinite-level computation with
the cubic vertex and the other from a finite-level computation with the quartic
vertex. The numerical results suggest that the quartic vertex contributions are
comparable or smaller than those of level four fields.Comment: 14 pages, LaTeX. v2: New references to work of Beccaria and Rampino,
and Taylor. Improved numerical analysis at the end of section
Tachyon condensation in open-closed p-adic string theory
We study a simple model of p-adic closed and open strings. It sheds some
light on the dynamics of tachyon condensation for both types of strings. We
calculate the effect of static and decaying D-brane configurations on the
closed string background. For closed string tachyons we find lumps analogous to
D-branes. By studying their fluctuation spectrum and the D-branes they admit,
we argue that closed string lumps should be interpreted as spacetimes of lower
dimensionality described by some noncritical p-adic string theory.Comment: 21 pages, 3 figures; v2: discussion of the fluctuations of the double
lump substantially improve
Mycorrhizal co-invasion and novel interactions depend on neighborhood context
© 2015 by the Ecological Society of America. Biological invasions are a rapidly increasing driver of global change, yet fundamental gaps remain in our understanding of the factors determining the success or extent of invasions. For example, although most woody plant species depend on belowground mutualists such as mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, the relative importance of these mutualisms in conferring invasion success is unresolved. Here, we describe how neighborhood context (identity of nearby tree species) affects the formation of belowground ectomycorrhizal partnerships between fungi and seedlings of a widespread invasive tree species, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), in New Zealand.We found that the formation of mycorrhizal partnerships, the composition of the fungal species involved in these partnerships, and the origin of the fungi (co-invading or native to New Zealand) all depend on neighborhood context. Our data suggest that nearby ectomycorrhizal host trees act as both a reservoir of fungal inoculum and a carbon source for late-successional and native fungi. By facilitating mycorrhization of P. menziesii seedlings, adult trees may alleviate mycorrhizal limitation at the P. menziesii invasion front. These results highlight the importance of studying biological invasions across multiple ecological settings to understand establishment success and invasion speed
Deep Eyes: Binocular Depth-from-Focus on Focal Stack Pairs
Human visual system relies on both binocular stereo cues and monocular
focusness cues to gain effective 3D perception. In computer vision, the two
problems are traditionally solved in separate tracks. In this paper, we present
a unified learning-based technique that simultaneously uses both types of cues
for depth inference. Specifically, we use a pair of focal stacks as input to
emulate human perception. We first construct a comprehensive focal stack
training dataset synthesized by depth-guided light field rendering. We then
construct three individual networks: a Focus-Net to extract depth from a single
focal stack, a EDoF-Net to obtain the extended depth of field (EDoF) image from
the focal stack, and a Stereo-Net to conduct stereo matching. We show how to
integrate them into a unified BDfF-Net to obtain high-quality depth maps.
Comprehensive experiments show that our approach outperforms the
state-of-the-art in both accuracy and speed and effectively emulates human
vision systems
Mechanisms of C5a and C3a complement fragment-induced [Ca2+]i signaling in mouse microglia
Microglial cells are activated in response to brain insults; the mechanisms of this process are not yet understood. One of the important signaling mechanisms that might be involved in microglia activation is related to changes in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). Using fluo-3 microfluorimetry, we have found that external application of the complement fragment C5a (4-10 nM) induced [Ca2+]i elevation in microglial cells in situ in corpus callosum slices. Similarly, application of complement fragments C5a (0.1-10.0 nM) or C3a (100 nM) generates biphasic [Ca2+]i transients composed of an initial peak followed by a plateau in cultured microglia. Incubation of microglial cells for 30 min with pertussis toxin (PTX; 1 microgram/ml) inhibited both C5a- and C3a-triggered [Ca2+]i responses, suggesting the involvement of PTX-sensitive G-proteins in the signal transduction chain. Removal of Ca2+ ions from the extracellular solution eliminated the plateau phase and limited the response to the initial peak. The restoration of the extracellular Ca2+ concentration within 30-60 sec after the beginning of the complement fragment-induced [Ca2+]i elevation led to the recovery of the plateau phase. Inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pumps with 500 nM thapsigargin transiently increased the [Ca2+]i and blocked the [Ca2+]i signals in response to subsequent complement fragment application. Our data suggest that complement factors induce [Ca2+]i responses by Ca2+ release from internal pools and subsequent activation of Ca2+ entry controlled by the filling state of the intracellular Ca2+ depots
Developmental programming: rescuing disruptions in preovulatory follicle growth and steroidogenesis from prenatal testosterone disruption
Abstract
Background
Prenatal testosterone (T) excess from days 30-90 of gestation disrupts gonadotropin surge and ovarian follicular dynamics and induces insulin resistance and functional hyperandrogenism in sheep. T treatment from days 60-90 of gestation produces a milder phenotype, albeit with reduced fecundity. Using this milder phenotype, the aim of this study was to understand the relative postnatal contributions of androgen and insulin in mediating the prenatal T induced disruptions in ovarian follicular dynamics.
Methods
Four experimental groups were generated: 1) control (vehicle treatment), 2) prenatal T-treated (100Â mg i.m. administration of T propionate twice weekly from days 60-90 of gestation), 3) prenatal T plus postnatal anti-androgen treated (daily oral dose of 15Â mg/kg/day of flutamide beginning at 8Â weeks of age) and 4) prenatal T and postnatal insulin sensitizer-treated (daily oral dose of 8Â mg/day rosiglitazone beginning at 8Â weeks of age). Follicular response to a controlled ovarian stimulation protocol was tested during their third breeding season. Main outcome measures included the determination of number and size of ovarian follicles and intrafollicular concentrations of steroids.
Results
At the end of the controlled ovarian stimulation, the number of follicles approaching ovulatory size (≥6 mm) were ~35 % lower in prenatal T-treated (6.5 ± 1.8) compared to controls (9.8 ± 2.0). Postnatal anti-androgen (10.3 ± 1.9), but not insulin sensitizer (5.0 ± 0.9), treatment prevented this decrease. Preovulatory sized follicles in the T group had lower intrafollicular T, androstenedione, and progesterone compared to that of the control group. Intrafollicular steroid disruption was partially reversed solely by postnatal insulin sensitizer treatment.
Conclusions
These results demonstrate that the final preovulatory follicular growth and intrafollicular steroid milieu is impaired in prenatal T-treated females. The findings are consistent with the lower fertility rate reported earlier in these females. The finding that final follicle growth was fully rescued by postnatal anti-androgen treatment and intrafollicular steroid milieu partially by insulin sensitizer treatment suggest that both androgenic and insulin pathway disruptions contribute to the compromised follicular phenotype of prenatal T-treated females.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134597/1/13048_2016_Article_250.pd
Emitter-site selective photoelectron circular dichroism of trifluoromethyloxirane
The angle-resolved inner-shell photoionization of R-trifluoromethyloxirane,
C3H3F3O, is studied experimentally and theoretically. Thereby, we investigate
the photoelectron circular dichroism (PECD) for nearly-symmetric O 1s and F 1s
electronic orbitals, which are localized on different molecular sites. The
respective dichroic and angular distribution parameters
are measured at the photoelectron kinetic energies from 1 to 16 eV by using
variably polarized synchrotron radiation and velocity map imaging spectroscopy.
The present experimental results are in good agreement with the outcome of ab
initio electronic structure calculations. We report a sizable chiral asymmetry
of up to about 9% for the K-shell photoionization of oxygen atom.
For the individual fluorine atoms, the present calculations predict asymmetries
of similar size. However, being averaged over all fluorine atoms, it drops down
to about 2%, as also observed in the present experiment. Our study demonstrates
a strong emitter- and site-sensitivity of PECD in the one-photon inner-shell
ionization of this chiral molecule
Time Dependent Solution in Cubic String Field Theory
We study time dependent solutions in cubic open string field theory which are
expected to describe the configuration of the rolling tachyon. We consider the
truncated system consisting of component fields of level zero and two, which
are expanded in terms of cosh n x^0 modes. For studying the large time behavior
of the solution we need to know the coefficients of all and, in particular,
large n modes. We examine numerically the coefficients of the n-th mode, and
find that it has the leading n-dependence of the form (-\beta)^n \lambda^{-n^2}
multiplied by a peculiar subleading part with peaks at
n=2^m=4,8,16,32,64,128,.... This behavior is also reproduced analytically by
solving simplified equations of motion of the tachyon system.Comment: 22 pages, 12 figures, LaTeX2e, v3:minor correction
Doubly resonant optical nanoantenna arrays for polarization resolved measurements of surface-enhanced Raman scattering
We report that rhomb-shaped metal nanoantenna arrays support multiple
plasmonic resonances, making them favorable bio-sensing substrates. Besides the
two localized plasmonic dipole modes associated with the two principle axes of
the rhombi, the sample supports an additional grating-induced surface plasmon
polariton resonance. The plasmonic properties of all modes are carefully
studied by far-field measurements together with numerical and analytical
calculations. The sample is then applied to surface-enhanced Raman scattering
measurements. It is shown to be highly efficient since two plasmonic resonances
of the structure were simultaneously tuned to coincide with the excitation and
the emission wave- length in the SERS experiment. The analysis is completed by
measuring the impact of the polarization angle on the SERS signal.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figure
Patterns in Open String Field Theory Solutions
In open string field theory the kinetic operator mixes matter and ghost
sectors, and thus the ghost structure of classical solutions is not universal.
Nevertheless, we have found from numerical analysis that certain ratios of
expectation values for states involving pure ghost excitations appear to be
universal. We give an analytic expression for these ratios and find good
evidence that they are common to all known solutions of open string field
theory, including the tachyon vacuum solution, lump solutions and string fields
representing marginal deformations. We also draw attention to a close
correspondence between the expectation values for the pure matter components in
the tachyon vacuum solution and those in the solution of a simpler equation for
a ghost number zero string field. Finally we observe that the action of L_0 on
the tachyon condensate gives a state that is approximately factorized into a
matter and a ghost part.Comment: 21 pages, LaTe
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