Gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep and goats in West Java, Indonesia

These studies were carried out in three locations representing low, medium and high altitudes in West Java to determine the effects of season, climate, management, growth and mortality on nematode parasitism in sheep and goats. Basically, the animals in each location were divided into treated and untreated groups with anthelmintics. Animals were weighed and faecal samples were collected every 2 to 4 weeks. Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. were the predominant species of gastrointestinal nematodes recovered from faecal cultures. In low altitude areas, faecal egg counts dropped progressively throughout the dry season and rose again with the onset of the wet season. The proportion of H. contortus larvae decreased progressively throughout the dry season and increased with the onset of the wet season, however the opposite pattern occurred with proportions of larvae of Trichostrongylus spp. In medium altitude areas, there was no consistent pattern of rising or falling faecal egg counts associated with fluctuations in rainfall. In high altitude areas, there was a trend for egg counts to increase progressively after the onset of the wet season even faecal egg counts were below 1500 epg. After treated with anthelmintics, faecal egg counts were suppressed to only few eggs in two weeks and then rose again in four week later, however in animals received medicated phenothiazine, mean egg counts were maintained below 500 epg. Treated animals in medium areas maintained low egg counts until the end of the trial. Seasonal fluctuation in weight gain of sheep was observed in low areas. Treated animals had significantly lower mortality than untreated animals but the evidence that parasitism contributed to this mortality is persuasive. It was concluded that nematode parasites cause a significant loss of production in sheep during wet season in coastal regions and in areas of rainfall throughout the year.     Key Words: Sheep, Goat, Nematode, Anthelminti

An estimate of seasonality and intensity of infection with gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep and goats . in West Java

Tracer Inoodle tbin-tail sheep and Kacang goats were used to measure the seasonal changes in gastrointestinal nematodes parasitism i ~'und[, .xillapek .Fodd~ 'ofis in West Java . Each 3 months for 12 months worm-free male sheep (5) and goats (5) about 5 months of age were ~ $Jri~tgldI o% ef- farmer, and managed as part of their flock for 2 months . Animals were then returned to the laboratory and maintained on "`~^taaan-ftwAiet in elevated slatted pens for 3 weeks prior to slaughter. In all  trials sheep had higher faecal egg counts than goats . Egg counts were significantly lower during the late dry-early wet season due mainly to lower burdens of Oesophagostomum spp. than at other times of the year. The predominant genera recovered from faecal larval cultures were Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus . At post mortem more than 94 percent of animals were infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, T. axei, Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum columbianwn and Strongyloides papillosus . Other species found, in descending order of occurrence, were Cooperia curticei, Trichuris ovis, Bunostornum trigonocephalum, Oesophagostomumn asperum, Capillaria bovis and Gaigena pachycelis. It was concluded that intensity of exposure of both sheep and goats to H contortus, T. axei and C. curticei was similar throughout the year, but that availability of infectioe larvae of T. colubriformis was higher during the dry than the wet season and vise versa for O. columbianum . Sheep had higher burdens of T. Colubrzformis than goats but similar numbers of other species.   Keywords: Thin-tail sheep, kacang goats, tracer, gastrointestinal nematod

Methods of Detection Anthelmintic Resistance in Sheep and Goats

Anthelmintic resistance to gastrointestinal nematode of sheep and goats has been reported world wide to all of broad spectrum anthelmintic types currently available, such as benzimidazoles, levamizole and ivermectin. In South-East Asia anthelmintic resistance to small ruminants was reported in Malaysia, Thailand and Philippines. In Indonesia resistances to albendazole have been reported from sheep farm in Bogor. With regard to resistance cases, early detection for anthelmintic resistance on sheeps and goats to spesific types of anthelmintic that commonlly used are required to plan rationale strategic control program. Detection methods for anthelmintic resistance are Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) and Larval Development Assay (LDA). LDA is an in vitro assay to detect anthelmintic resistant in the major of gastrointestinal nematodes on sheep and goats that have just been introduced in Indonesia. This paper explains the comparison of three detection methods and goodness of LDA compared with other two methods.   Key words: Anthelmintic resistance, sheep, goat, Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), Egg Hatch Assay (EHA), LarvalDevelopment Assay (LDA

The use of Wonnolas in controlling gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep under traditional grazing management in Indonesia

Blocks containing 3% phenothiazine in solidified molasses (Wonnolas, Animeal Australia Ltd .) were tested to control gastrointestinal nematode infections and the effect on mineral status in sheep in villages in Cirebon, Indonesia. Two hundred and thirteen Javanese Thin Tail sheep which were grazed during the day and housed at night were divided into two groups on the basis of location . One group was allowed in an access to Wonnolas blocks when penned for 24 weeks while the other group remained untreated. The bodyweight was recorded and faecal samples were collected for egg counts and larval culture every four weeks. Sera and saliva samples were collected from 20 adult sheep in each group at weeks 0, 12 and 24 for mineral analysis by AAS and colorimetry. The results indicated that the mean egg counts of the treated group decreased from 576 epg to 123 epg and the percentage of sheep producing viable larvae decreased from 50% to 24%. In contrast egg counts of the control group increased from 768 epg to 4,840 epg and the percentage of sheep producing viable larvae increased from 65% to 84% over the same period . In the treated group the number of Haenronchus larvae declined significantly (36% to 6 %) and at the end of the trial Tiichostrongylus larvae predominanted in larval cultures (80%) . Mineral analysis revealed deficiencies in sodium and copper, low levels of zinc and normal levels of potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus . Wormolas had a significant effect on sodium and zinc status but not on copper although sufficient levels of this element were available. Comparison of bodyweight gains showed a significantly (P0.05) higher rate of increase in the treated animals

Anthelmintic effect of Zingiber purpureum infuse and extract on adult worms of Haemonchus contortus in vitro

The aim of this study is to determine anthelmintic effect of “bangle” (Zingiber purpureum) on adult worms of Haemonchus contortus in vitro. Bangle were washed and cut into small pieces, and then put into oven with temperature of not more than 50oC for 4 days. Furthermore, it was grained with a mesh of 0.75 mm into a form of powder. Infuse was made by mixing a powder of “bangle” with 100 ml distill water on beaker glass and then heat on water bath for 30 minutes at temperature of 90oC. It was made at a concentration (w/v) of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 40%. Extract was made by percolation with methanol until filtrate produced, and this filtrate was condensed with rotapavor at 48oC with rotated at 200 rpm. Extract were made into a concentration (w/v) of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 8%. Ten adult worms of H. contortus in Petri-dish were dipped with infuse or extract at each concentration with 5 replication. Observations were made every 30 minutes for a period of 6 hours to determine whether the adult worms were still alive or death. Faeces from donor of sheep artificially infected with H. contortus were cultured in vermiculite with infuse or extract used to keep humidity. Each treatment was repeated 5 times. Observations were made at the end of experiment to calculate on the total number infective larvae. The results showed that infuse or extract of “bangle” have anthelmintic effect on H. contortus. The form of extract showed a better effect compared with infuse at a concentration of 0.5% and 2.5% respectively. The increase of concentration will result in a better effect. Key words : Haemonchus contortus, Zingiber purpureum, “bangle

Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes Infection in Small Ruminants by Nematophagous Fungi

The disease caused by gastrointestinal nematodes infection in small ruminants in Indonesia is quite unprofitable. Control with anthelmintic developed a negative effect of anthelmintic resistance and residue in tissue if anthelmintic are given routinely. Biological control is one of the control methods using microorganisms especially molds. The moulds can form traps and destroy the body of larvae and eggs by hife and produce toxins. Few isolates of nematophagous fungi such as Arthrobotrys spp. and Monacrosporium spp. were found from surveys done in West Java. Applications of these fungi as biological control against nematodiasis is promising as indicated from in vitro and in vivo studies.   Key words: Biological control, nematophagous fungi, small ruminant

Nematodiasis in sheep and goats kept under traditional farming practice in Batujajar

This study was conducted to determine the relation of age, sex, season and reproduction on gastrointestinal nematode parasitism of the two most commonly kept breeds of sheep and goat in Bogor district. A total of 119 Indonesian Thin Tail (ITT) sheep and 130 Peranakan Etawah (PE) goats with different age and sex were monitored for 16 months. Age of sheep and goat was divided into 3 groups respectively, i.e. before weaning (4 months) 35 and 32, after weaning (4-8 months) 53 and 63; and adults (8 months) 31 and 35. Each 4 weeks, individual faeces were collected and individual animals were weighed. Information on the mortality, morbidity, pregnancy, slaughtered and sold was recorded. The results showed that Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. were dominant species of nematodes found in the faecal cultured. In the period of monitoring, egg counts of nematodes in sheep were higher (P0.05) than in goats, however both animals have similar pattern of egg counts. In the first three months, the egg counts remained steady relatively in 3 groups of age, but soon after that the egg counts increased and reached its peak (in March) of 6186 eggs in sheep and 3434 in goats, there after they decreased along with the onset of dry season. A part from this, the egg counts increased (P0.05) three months before lambing and remained steady until 2 months after partus in sheep, but not in goats. During the monitoring period, weight gain in wet season was lower (P0.05) as compared to dry season. There was no effect of sex on faecal egg count in either sheep or goats although male sheep had higher egg counts than female sheep had in November and January. Evidence of diarrhoeic faeces was higher in wet season than in dry season.     Key Words: Haemonchus contortus, Trichostronglysus spp., Sheep, Goat