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    ์ผ๋ณธ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ, ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ž…๊ตฌ : ใ€Ž์ถ•์†Œ์ง€ํ–ฅ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธใ€์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ๋Š” ํ•œ ํ›„๊ธฐ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์ธ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ

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    ์–ด์งธ์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ๋งŒ์ด ํ™€๋กœ ๊ณต์—… ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ฏธ ๋ฌธํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์—ด์— ๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ด์–ด๋ น์˜ ใ€Ž์ถ•์†Œ์ง€ํ–ฅ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธใ€(1982)์ด ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋œ ์‹œ์ ์€ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Œ€๊ตญํ™”์™€ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ผ๋ณธ(์ธ)๋ก ์—์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋“ฑํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋•Œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด๋ น์€ ์ด ์ฑ…์—์„œ ํ›„๊ธฐ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•ด, ์„œ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๋ก ยท์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™”๋ก ์˜ ํ‹€์„ ๊นจ๊ณ  ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋น„๊ต๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋‹ด๋ก ํ‹€์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํ›„๊ธฐ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์ธ์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ๋ณธ๊ตญ๋ก ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‹€ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€๋Œ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋กœ์„œ ๋น„์ƒํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ ์ด์–ด๋ น์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™”๋ก ์„ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ ์ถ•์†Œ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™”๋ก ์„ ์ผ๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ, ์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋ก ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•โ€” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์„ฑ์˜ ์ œ์œ  ๋ฐฐ์—ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฅ˜๋ถ€์ฑ„, ๋„์‹œ๋ฝ, ์›Œํฌ๋งจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์„ธ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐํ˜ธํ•™์  ์ œ์œ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ด ๋ฌธํ™”์ ‘๊ฒฝ์ง€๋Œ€์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณธ์งˆ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์œ ํ˜•ํ•™์— ๊ท€์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์›์ธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ ํ•œ์ผ ๋น„๊ต์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™”๋ก ์˜ ์‹ฌ์ธต์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™”๋ก  ์ฝ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ง€ํ‰ ์•ˆ์— ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ™”๋ก ์„ ๊ธฐ์ž…ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ํ›„๊ธฐ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์ธ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋„์ „์ด ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋ณธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋™์–‘๋ก ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋กœ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์„ฑยท๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์€, (ํ›„๊ธฐ)์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์ธ์ด (๊ตฌ)์‹๋ฏผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๋ ค ํ•  ๋•Œ ํƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ๊ตญ ์—์ด์ „์‹œ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ ์ถ•์†Œ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™”๋ก ์˜ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™” ํ˜•์‹์„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ถ•์†Œ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ด๋ž€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์˜ต์Šคํ๋ผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํ•œํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌดํ•œ๊ณผ ์ˆญ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ ค ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฌธํ™” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์š”์ปจ๋Œ€ ์ด์–ด๋ น์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™”๋ก  ์†์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธํ‘œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ž ์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ํ˜น์€ ํ™œ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ € ์ž‘์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ‘œ์ƒ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆญ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด๋ น์˜ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฌธํ™”๋ก ์€ ์ถ•์†Œ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ž‘์•„์ง„ ์ผ๋ณธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ™”๋ก ์„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ์Šนํ™”(sublimation)์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ›„๊ธฐ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค

    Disaster and Neighborhood, from Great Kanto Earthquake(1923) to Fukushima Disaster(2011) : Colony and Camp, A Contemplation from Continuity of Kim Dong-Hwans Two Narative Poems Night of Borderline & Ascension of Youths

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    ์‹œ์ธ ๊น€๋™ํ™˜์€ ๊ด€๋™๋Œ€์ง€์ง„(1923) ํ›„์— ๋‘ ๊ถŒ์˜ ์žฅํŽธ์„œ์‚ฌ์‹œ์ง‘์„ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€Œ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ฐคใ€๊ณผ ใ€Œ์Šน์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ตญใ€์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ์ž‘์‹œ์ง‘์ธ ๋‘ ์‹œ์ง‘์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์žฌ๋‚œ๊ณผ ์ด์›ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ๋น„ํ‰์  ์—์„ธ์ด์—์„œ ๋„ค ์ด์›ƒ์„ ๋„ค ๋ชธ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์ œ์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋Š‘๋Œ€๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ช…์ œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์•„ํฌ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์‹œ์  ํ™”์ž์™€ ์‹œ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘์›๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ใ€Œ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ฐคใ€๊ณผ ใ€Œ์Šน์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒญ์ถ˜ใ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์—ฐ์ž‘์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋™๋Œ€์ง€์ง„๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ์ด์€ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ ํ•™์‚ด์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์— ์œ ํ๋œ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ ์œ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ๋ถ๊ตญ(ๅŒ—ๅœ‹)์— ๋Œ์•„์™€, ๊ทธ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ฐ€์Šน์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ง„์กฑ์˜ ํ›„์˜ˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ํ† ๋กœํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ„์•ˆ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ณ ๋งˆ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋‘ ์—ฐ์ž‘ ์‹œ์ง‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Œ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ฐคใ€์ด ๋ถ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒจ์šธ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์ง„์กฑ ํ›„์˜ˆ์˜ ์ฒ˜์ง€์— ํ”ผ์‹๋ฏผ์ž ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์˜ ์ฒ˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ใ€Œ์Šน์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒญ์ถ˜ใ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์˜ ์ฒ˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ „์‹œ์˜ ์ (ๆ•ต) ํ˜น์€ ํฌ๋กœ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ์‹œ์ง‘์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์†ก์žฅ, ์ƒ๋ฒˆ(็”Ÿ่•ƒ), ์‚ฐ์ฃผ๊ฒ€, ์ƒ๋ น(็”Ÿ้ˆ) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์ฃฝ์Œ, ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์™ธ, ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„์ธ(้žไบบ)์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‘ ์‹œ์ง‘์€ ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ์˜ ๋น„๋ช…์„ ์‹œ์˜ ๊ทผ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ๋„ ์—ฐ์ž‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ใ€Œ์Šน์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒญ์ถ˜ใ€์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฌธํ•™์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ธ์€ ์ด์›ƒ์ด ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์–ธ๋˜๊ณ , ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋น„์ธ(้žไบบ)์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์–ธ๋˜๊ณ , ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋ช…(ๆ‚ฒ้ณด)์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฐ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์–ด์กฐ์˜ ์žฅ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฅ๋ฉดํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฒˆ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์–ธ๋œ ํ”ผ์‹๋ฏผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ ํ˜น์€ ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฌํƒœ ์†์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์—ฌ๋„ ์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ƒ๋ น(็”Ÿ้ˆ)์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹œ์ธ์˜ ์‹œ์–ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„ํƒ„์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์ ์  ๋” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ž์˜ ๋น„๋ช…์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง„๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์†ก์žฅ(undead) ํ˜น์€ ์‚ฐ์ฃผ๊ฒ€(living dead)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์œ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ํ† ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์„ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • ์†์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‹œ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‹œ์ง‘์€ ์ด์›ƒ๊ณผ ์žฌ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋†“์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„, ์ฆ‰ ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฌํƒœ ์†์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์šด๋ช…์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋น„๋ช…๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ•™ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์˜ค๋žœ ์นœ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•ด์ œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋Š‘๋Œ€์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ์—, ์ด์›ƒ์„ ๋‚ด ๋ชธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์ œ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ„์œจ๋กœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์žฌ๋‚œ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ƒํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ถ๊ทน์  ์œค๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ดํ•ด๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.In the aftermath of Great Kanto Earth Quake(1923), the poet Kim Donghwan published two long narrative poems: Night of the Border and Homelands Ascension. These two pieces form a sequence. Taking on the theme of terror in disasters and neighbors that emerge from these two works, this critical essay discusses the aporia that is situated between the two propositions Love your neighbor as you love yourself and Man is a wolf to other men. In language and experience, and in the aspect of the poetic speaker and the creative principle of poetry, there exists a sequential continuity from Night of the Border to Youths Ascension. In these two poems, the protagonist, a Korean student in Japan, survives the Kanto Earthquake and the slaughter of Koreans by their Japanese neighbors in its aftermath. The student ends up incarcerated, and once released from a concentration camp, he returns to Koreas northern countryside, where he meets a woman named Jae Gah-seung, a descendant of Yeojin people, to whom he tells his story in hopes of gaining her sympathy and ultimately her love. These two pieces tell the story of his failure to do gain either. There are two distinct approaches to a continuous, developing theme in each of these respective works. Night of the Border is set against the winter of the northern countryside, and deals with the plights of the colonized and the descendant of Yeojin people. Youths Ascension shows how the Koreans were designated as enemies or prisoners of war by the Japanese in wartime. In these two narrative threads, the undead, the barbarians, the living dead, and the living ghosts appear as existential expressions of the borders between death and life, law and outlaw, and human and inhuman. Both poems form a continuity in that their source of poetic imagination is located in the howl of the outsider. In particular, Youths Ascension is the first work of Modern Korean Literature that directly addresses the experience of concentration/prison camps. In a long narrative form full of emotional diction, the process of how the poet is declared as the enemy of his neighbors, how humans are declared to be inhuman, and how a language descends into a howl are detailed. The colonized is declared as a barbarian, discriminated as a living ghost whose murder would be a crime in a concentration camp or in an emergency, and the poets language crosses the boundary from an anguished cry and descends closer to the howl of the dead. In this process of recording the language that were cried out by a living person on the border between the undead and/or the living dead, modern Korean poetrys language was given birth. The two works prove once more the close relationship between howl and literature in that it draws the fate of language and humanity in an emergency, such as in the example of the human caught between his neighbors and disasters. In the destruction of law and order, a man can be a wolf to other men, and loving ones neighbor as one loves oneself must be understood not as a law or a religious precept but as the ultimate ethical imperative that also applies in the event of disasters and other calamities
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