Histopathologic and Enzyme Histochemical Stndies on the Effect of Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Rat Kidney

Carbon monoxide poisoning has been one of the most serious medical problems in Korea. The frequent accidents are mainly due to the nationwide public uses of anthracite coal briquette as main domestic and industrial fuel. Recently, some of clinical observation of acute renal failure in patients of carbon monoxide poisoning were reported. An experimental study was performed to observe the effects of acute carbon monoxide poisoning on the kidney of rats , by means of histopathologic and enzyme histochemical methods, attempting to explore the mechanism behind the process of acute renal failure Experimental animals (Sprague-Dawley rats, 67 female , 210-280gm.) were devided into four groups by the duration of exposure and the conceutration of carbon monoxide; control U5 rats, unexposure). 1% CO expo (30min.) , 0.7% CO expo (12 rats, 60min.) and 0.4% CO expo (8 rats , 120 min.). Histopathologial investigation and the enzyme activities of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) , NADH diaphorase, lactic Kidneydehydrogenase CLDH) and alkaline phosphatase CAlk. P.) in kidney were observed by hematoxylin eosin staining and appropriate enzyme histochemical stamings. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Histologic section of rat kidney in groups of 30 min and 60 min. acute poisoning with 1% and 0.7% carbon monoxide revealed moderate to marked congestion of vasa recta especially in the corticornedullary junction associated with moderate degree hydropic degeneration of collecting tubules. Mild to moderate tubular necrosis and focal regeneration were observed mainly in the distal part of proximal con、oluted tubules in the inner cortex. The group of 120 min 0.4% acute poisoning showed a case of mild tubular necrosis out of 8 animal

An Experimental Study on Effects of Vitamin A, BCG and Butylated Hydroxytoluene(BHT) in Development of Urethane induced Pulmonary Adenoma of Mice

An experimental study on urethane induced pulmouary adenoma was carried out to observe the inhibitory or enhancing effects of vitamin A, BCG and hutylated hydroxytoluene(BHT) in its developmen t. Experimental animal (389 ICR mice, average 10gm) were divided into 10 groups including control , tumor inhibition and enhancement groups: control group (urethane: lmg/gm body weight, 2 times/week, for 4 weeks, intraperitoneal) , tumor inhibition groups (vitamin A: 150,000unit/kg diet, 2 times/weeks, by gastric tube, BCG:l. 3 x 10' CFU, one time, subutaneous) and tumor enhancement group(BHT: O. 25mg/gm body weight, weekly, intraperitoneal) The results were as follows 1) Measuring body weights and organ weights of lung , significant differences were seen between control and experimental groups at the 24th week after urethane treatment. Compared as control. in vitamin A treated groups the body weights were significantly decreased, while the organ weights of lung were markedly increased in urethane groups, and were notably more increased in BHT and urethane combined treatment group. 2) Pulmonary adenoma with visible size on naked eye( 르 O. 5mm in diameter) was not observed until the 12th week by urethane treatment. The sizes and numbers of tumors were increased in relation to duration of time In the 24th week by urethane treatment the incidence of pulmonary adenoma was 100% in all experimental groups(single and combined treatment). No significant effects of Vitamin A, BeG and BHT were encountered on the incidence of pul monary adenoma. 3) The inhibitory effect of BCG on the growth of pulmonary adenoma was remarkably demonstrated, while the effect of vitamin A was rather week in degree. The additive effects of vitamin A and BCG in tumor inhibition were not clearly demonstrated. 4) The enhancing effect of BHT on the growth of pulmonary adenoma was not demonstrated In conclusion, the effects of vitamin A, BCG and BHT seem to be notably significant on the growth and less significant on the incidence in the develop ment of urethane induced pulmonary adenoma. The inhibitory effect on the growth seems to be more significant in BCG than in vitamin A. No additive inhibitory effects of vitamin A and BeG and enhancing effect of BHT are encountered on the growth of pulmonary adenoma

The Clara Cells in Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Rats

The authors report light microscopic and histochemical studies on the Clara cells of the terminal bronchioles in acute carbon monoxide poisoning rats. And, moreover, the morphologic features of the Clara cells and its population changes in the terminal bronchioles following short term exposure to carbon monoxide were observed. The nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells (the Clara cells) were responded to acute carbon monoxide poisoning as an acceleration of prominent extrusion of the apical caps and resulted in apocrine secretion into the terminal bronchiole as well as significant decrease of their numbers in lobal distribution by 45 to 60 minutes (peX') <0. 01). And by the 2 hours, there was slight degree of compensation, similar to that seen in tl e acute hypoxia caused a deficiency of pulmonary surfactant. The results of this study indicated that the Clara cells were actively metabolic and has apocrine secretory function, which might be related to the pulmonary surfactant mechanism. (This study was supported in part by the research grant(C.M.B. 74-332-5), the China Medical Board of New York. This paper was read at the 4th Asia Pacific Congress on Disease of the Chest.

Experimental Studies on Metaplasia in Tracheo-bronchial Epithelium of Rabbit,

Bronchial epithelial metaplasia of the rabbits was experimentally studied by means of long-standing repeated inhalation of formalin gas, Used animals were healthy adult rabbits weighing about 1,5 kgm, and having _ no pulmonary diseases. Formalin gas was administered according to Hollands" method and eleven sections were taken from the definite sites of the trachea and both main bronchi. The following results and conclusions were made. 1. In the group which was not exposed to the formalin gas inhalation typical squamous metaplasia of bronchial epithelium in the course of time was not observed. 2. In the group which was exposed to the repeated formalin gas inhalation inflammatory changes, degenerative changes, regenerative findings especially metaplastic change and complicated reparative changes were observed: ® In the group which was exposed to the repeated formalin gas inhalation, a certain serial changes; i.e., destruction and desquamation of columnar epithelium, newgrowth of single layered squamous epithelium and proliferation of multilayered squamous epithelium (metaplasia) were observed in early stage(l-18 experimental days). (Q) In the group which was exposed to the repeated formalin gas inhalation various changes ranging from degeneration, destruction or desquamation of squamous epithelium to regenerated columnar epithelium, and also ranging from relatively normalcolumnar epithelium to typical stratified squamous metaplasia were observed in early phase of middle stage(l9-43 experimental days). © In the group which was exposed to the repeated formalin gas inhalation various gradational changes described above were observed in the trachea and bronchi, and moreover, papillary projections of bronchial metaplastic epithelium were observed in a considerable proportion, and also characteristic alveolar epithelialation was observed in one case, in late phase of middle stage(44-64 experimental days). @ In the group which was exposed to the repeated formalin gas inhalation the earliest case showed rather typical squamous metaplasia of trachea and bronchi after five hours of actual exposure. 3. In the group which was exposed to the long-continued and repeated formalin gas inhalation(65-283 experimental days) a certain serial changes described above were observed, and in this group more marked keratinizing stratified squamous metaplasia and conspicuous papillary projection of metaplastic epithelium were observed. In most cases, moderate to marked bronchiectatic changes were observed in lower parts of the lungs. 4. In the group which was exposed to the repeated formalin gas inhalation findings consistent with atypical metaplasia or carcinoma in situ were not observed. 5. In the group which was exposed to the repeated formalin gas inhalation the incidence of epithelial metaplasia of trachea and bronchi was approximately 80 per cent. Male rabbit (92% positive) showed definite high positivity compared to the female rabbit (approximately 69% positivity). 6. In the group which was exposed for long time(96% positive) metaplastic tendency was apparantly increased compared to that of short-term exposure group (62% positive). 7. Observations on distribution and range of metaplasia failed to indicate the site preponderance in trachea and bronchi. 8. In the group which was exposed to the repeated formalingas inhalation invasiveness of metaplasia was relative ly high and it was especially conspicuous in the group of long-continued exposure

A Study on Epithelial Metaplasia of Draining Bronchus in Pulmonary Tuberculous Lesion.

Observations on epithelial metaplasia of draining bronchus in pulmonary tuberculous lesion were made on 52 male and 6 female lobectomy cases. Ages of the cases ranged from 23 to 53 years. Three sections were taken from the definite sites of the draining bronchus of each case for this study. It is an established finding the three phases, namely, basal cell hyperplasia, transitional metaplasia and squamous metaplasia, of epithelial metaplastic changes are observed in this draining bronchus. These three phases in the development of bronchial epithelial metaplasia are considered to be gradual changes. Authors observed various gradational phases of bronchial epithelial metaplasia in addition to the above three. in varing stages of its development, ranging from almost normal-looking columnar epithelium to well developed cornified squamous epithelium, even extending to the submucosal secretory ducts and glands. Encountered in them, however, are neither findings of atypical metaplasia nor of precancerous lesion. Out of 58 male and female examined, 31 cases (approximately 54%) revealed epithelial metaplasia of draining bronchus in pulmonory tuberculous lesion. Epithelial metaplasia was observed most frequently in cases with multiple cavitary lesions of pulmonary tuberculosis. Out of 52 male cases examined, 28 cases (approximately 54%) revealed metaplasia. Out of 6 female cases, 3 cases (approximately 50%) revealed metaplasia. Metaplasia are observed more frequently in the section taken from the distal portion than from the other proximal portions of draining bronchus. Out of 31 cases with epithelial metaplasia of the draining bronchus, 3 cases revealed metaplastic changes in all of the three sections taken from the definite sites of the bronchi, while 17 cases revealed in only one section out of three. The draining bronchi located in the lower part of the lungs appear to be more vulnerable to epithelial metaplasia than in those of the upper part of the lungs. And metastatic changes were observed more frequently in bronchi of the left lung than in those of the right lung

Pathologic Study on Experimentally Induced Soft Tissue Injuries by Extravasated Anticancer Agents

Necrosis of skin and subcutaneous tissue following inadvertent extravasation of cytotoxic drugs has been a serious complication of cancer chemotherapy. Since the pathogenesis of this lesion has not been explored in depth, the above disorder has proved to be notoriously difficult to treat. The main objective of this study was (0 investigate basic histopathologic changes of tissue damage and to allow thereby the development of rational approaches to prevention and management. A total of 90 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing around 150 gms were divided into three groups for experiment. Each groups was used of 30 animals, whieh were injected respectively 2mgjkg of Adriamycin, 33. 3mgjkg of 5- FU and 3. 5mgjkg of Cisplatin through intradermal and subcutaneous routes. Challenging injections of normal saline, anti-cancer agent with and without Dexamethasone were set consistently at three sites of the shaved dorsum of trunk. Observations of skin and soft tissue injuries in the injection site were carried out by gross examination and light microscopy at 2, 6. 24 hours and 3,7 days following the injection. The specimen from each injection site were taken and prepared for histopathologic investigation and then hematoxylineosin, acid orcein-Giernsa, Masson's trichrome and van Gieson stainings were applied. The results and summary of the experiment were as follows: 1. The gross findings at the injection sites of normal saline and !j-FU were unremarkable changes, otherwise that of Adriamycin and Cisplatin were remarkable and developed distinet hyperemia at 24 hours, with good demarcation and central discoloration at 3 days through 7 days. In the injection site of anti-cancer agents, the morphologic difference between combining use with and without dexamethasone was not conspicuous. 2. In the microscopic findings, the injection sites of normal saline and 5- FU showed edema and mild inflammatory reaction of subcutis, otherwise that of Adriarnycin and Cisplatin revealed extensive coagulative necrosis. In the soft tissue injuries. the In" tradermal injection group was more severe than the subcutaneous injection group. 3. The chronological histopathologic findings in the group of Adriamycin and Cisplatin injection exhibited mild edema and focal inflammatory reaction in the dermis and subcutis at 2~6 hours, focal necrosis in the epidermis and the muscle coat at 24 hours, extensive wide coagulative necrosis in the epidermis through the muscle coat at 3~7 days. But neither vasculit ies, fibroblastic proliferation nor granulation formation were observed until 7 days. 4. The injection of Dexamthasone could not prevent the progression of the necrotic inflammatory lesion, but only lessencd the degree of necrosis and inflammatory response. In summary, the main pathologic findings of soft tissue injuries induced by extravasation of anticancer agents were extensive coagulation necrosis and associated inflammatory response. The mechanism of necrosis was considered that of direct cytotoxicity. The main difference with general traumatic injury rested on lacking of fibroblastic proliferation and granulation formation until 7 days, which was compatible findings to prolonged healing. The effect of steroid was only approved reduction of the degree of necrosis and inflammatory reaction

A Histopathologic Study on Primary Tumors of Bone

A total of 182 cases of primary tumors of bone and cartilage was obtained from the Pathology file of the Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University during a period of 10 years beginning from January 1968 to December 1977. These tumors consisted of 85 cases(47%) of benign tumors and 97 cases(53%) of malignant tumors. Osteo· chondroma was most frequent benign tumor(38. 8%) , followed by giant cell tumor(22.9%) , chondroma (12. 9%) , and osteoid osteoma(9. 4%). Osteosarcoma was the most frequent malignant tumor(49.5%) , followed by myeloma (19. 6%), chondrosarcoma (10.3 %), Ewings tumor(7. 2%) , and fibrosarcoma(7. 2%). Benign tumors were most prevalent in the 2nd and 3rd decade (71. 1%). Osteosarcoma and Ewings tumor were frequent in 2nd decade but chondrosarcoma, myeloma , parosteal osteosarcoma, and chordoma were primarily tumors of adulthood after 40 years of age The long tubular bones including femur and tibia were the site of predilection of benign tumors and osteosarcoma. But enchondroma characteristically involved phalangeal bones of hand. Chondrosarcoma had predilection for innominate bone, sacrum and femur. The chief complaints of bone tumor patient were palpable mass and/ or pain. The duration of symptoms prior to admission was longer in benign tumors in contrast to shorter history in malignant tumors. but a history of 5 years or longer was not unusual in chondrosarcoma and parosteal osteosarcom

Granular Cell Lesion in Appendix

In order to clarify the nature of the granular cell lesion in appendix and to determine their frequency of occurrence and histogenesis, 488 appendices which were received consecutively in the laboratory were subjected to close examination. Granular cell lesions that very closely resemhle the cells of true myoblastoma were observed in 3. 1% of the appendices, usually appearing in the inner muscular coat closest to the submucosa. The clinical records of the patients in the series showed an average age prevalence of 34.4 years. The histogenesis and true nature of the grannular cell lesion and tumor still remain shrouded in controversy. From the reviewed cases, it seems that the granular cell lesion develops from either muscular or nervous cell. The authors assumed that the granular cell lesion is not necessarily affecting a single specific cell type' but possibly arising in a variety of cells including muscle cells and neural cells

Histochemical study of staining Iipid, glycogen and mucin in human tropho-blastic diseases

13 cases of trophoblastic diseases (6 of benign' hydatidiform mole. 5 of chorioadenoma destruens, and 2 of choriocarcinoma) and 20 cases of normal and: retained abortive placental tissue, were subjected tohistochemical study. The following substances were localized in the various types and locating of trophoblasts. Iipid, acid and neutral mucopolysaccharide and glycogen or glycoprotein. As results. all of them. within the cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast" were proportionate to the degree of their hyperplasia•. although not diagnostic of neoplasia. that wereevidence of primitive trophoblasts

Histopathologic and Enzyme Histochemical Studies on Effects of Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Rat Liver

An experimental study was performed to observe the acute carbon monoxide poisoning in the liver of rats by means of histopathologic and enzyme histoch emical methods, attempting to explore the mechanism behind the process of the acute anoxic necrosis of liver Experimental animals(65 Sprague-Dawley rats , 210 ~280gm_) were devided into four groups by the duration of exposure and the concentration of carbon monoxide: Control (15 rats , unexposures) , 1% CO exp.(30 rats, 30 min.) , 0.7% CO exp. (12 rats,60 min.) and 0.4% CO expo (8 rats , 120 mip.). Histop hological investigation and the enzyme activities of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) , NADH diaphorase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) , alkaline phosphatase (alk. P.) and acid phosphatase(acid P.) in liver were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and appropriate enzyme histochemical stainings. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Histologic sections of rat liver in groups of acute poisoning with carbon monoxide revealed mild to moderate congestion of central vein and sinusoidal spaces, accompanied by acidophilic degeneration of hepatocytes, pyknosis, fatty changes and focal necrosisy. Central zone was more severely affected than portal zone and the reactions were more marked in higherconcentration and shott duration groups. 2. SDH and NADH diaphorase activities in all experimental group were significantly decreased in mild to moderate degrees, especially in central and miclzonal area. 3. LDH activities in all experimental rousps generally decreased in mild degree in the central and midzone in contrast to the increase in mild to moderate degree of portal zone. 4. Changes of alk. P. activities were not noticed. Acid phosphatase activities in all experimental groups were significantly incre-ased in 60 to 120 min. expo sures. 5. Above histopathologic and histochemical findings seemed to support that acute anoxic necrosis of liver could be included by acute carbon monoxide poisoning preceded by hepatic enzymeatic changes and the most vulnerable portion of hepatic parenchyme was to be central zone of hepatic lobule