The Effects of Spontaneous Utterance and Behavior inducing Program on a Selectively Mute Child's Speaking Behavior

본 연구의 목적은 학교 장면에서 선택적 함묵 행동을 보이는 아동에게 자발적 발화 및 행동 유도 프로그램을 중재하여 아동의 말하기 및 행동 변화에 미치는 효과를 살펴보는 것이다. 연구대상은 신경정신과에서 선택적 함묵증으로 진단을 받았으며 최소 1년 이상 함묵행동을 지속해온 초등학교 2학년 여학생 1명이다. 본 연구는 ABA 설계를 하였으며, 관찰 기간은 기초선 단계, 중재 단계, 유지 단계의 3기간으로 나누었다. 본 연구에서 구성하여 사용한 자발적 발화 및 행동 유도 프로그램은 후속적 강화기법을 응용한 행동주의 프로그램이다. 자발적 발화 유도 프로그램은 인사하기, 주어진 글 읽기, 대화하기의 세 가지 영역으로 구성하였으며, 자발적 행동 유도 프로그램은 기초학습 태도 기르기, 조장활동, 심부름하기, 조작활동의 4개영역으로 구성하였다. 이 두 개 영역의 총 63개의 항목을 대상 아동에게 중재 기간 동안 적용하였다. 측정은 각 회기별로 정도 기록법으로 측정된 점수를 목표도달 점수 대비 백분율로 산출하여 도달도를 산출하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 자발적 발화 유도 프로그램과 행동 유도 프로그램의 중재 활동은 대상 아동의 발화와 행동의 도달도에서 12회기 이후부터는 89% 이상의 긍정적인 영향을 주었고, 유지 단계에서도 85% 수준을 유지하였다. 그 내용을 살펴보면, 첫째, 발화행동 면에서 질문에 자연스럽게 응답하였으나, 자발적으로 대화에 참여하는 행동은 관찰되지 않았다. 둘째, 선택적 행동 측면에서 교사의 지시에 반응하는 행동이 개선되었으며, 조장활동하기, 심부름하기 등의 행동에 대한 참여 빈도가 증가하였다. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of spontaneous utterance and behavior inducing program on a selectively mute child's speaking behavior. The participant of this study was a female child on second grade in elementary school and diagnosed as selective mutism. The design of this study was ABA single case study design across the intervention settings. The program was run for 26 sessions. The results of this study were as follows; First, the spontaneous utterance and behavior inducing program for the selective mutism child K has had a positive effect on the child K at the rate of 89% achievements after the 12 period in terms of her utterance and behavior. Second, the spontaneous utterance inducing program devised by the researcher gives her the confidence in answering teacher's questions and has the positive effect on the selective mutism child K. But it isn't observed that she participates voluntarily in the conversation with her friends. Third, the spontaneous behavior inducing program devised by the researcher gives the child K the confidence on her behavior with encouraging her to respond to the requirements that her teacher demanded. Fourth, it is observed that she has been interested in the group leader and doing errands areas and these activities encourage her to speak voluntarily

Evaluation of Periodontal Status according to Sociodemographic and Health Behavior Characteristics

This study was carried out in order to offer basic data available for being helpful to promoting periodontal health, by analyzing effects in socio-demographical and health-behavior characteristics on index of evaluating periodontal status. The study conducted a survey for the 151 adults aged 30 to 59 from October. 1, 2006 to March. 30, in 2007. The collected data were analyzed with t-test and one-way of variance using SPSS 12.0. Then, the following result were obtain. 1. sociodemographic and health-behavior characteristics is not related to OLeary plaque index, Loe & Silness gingival index. 2. The number of sextants possessing periodontal pocket was higher in men(3.34) than women(2.43), also statistically significant difference in the occupational fields. Smoker(3.38) was higher than non-smoker(2.72), and it was higher over 3 times a week than almost no drinking as for frequence alcohol intake. 3. The amount of loss for inter-dental alveolar crest was higher in men(71.79) than women(42.24), was highest of the professional in the occupational fields, and smoker(67.23) was higher than non-smoker(48.22). 4. There was significantly difference in the number of missing tooth between age and frequence of alcohol intake. These results that occupational fields, smoking and alcohol intake were related to the number of sextants possessing periodontal pocket and amount of loss for inter-dental alveolar crest

Relation of smoking and periodontal status among 30s-50s Adults in Metropolitan Area

Objectives: Smoking is well known risk factor of various disease and cause of periodontal disease. So the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between smoking and periodontal status. Methods: This study conducted a survey for the 15 1 adults aged 30 to 59 from Oct. 1,2006 to Mar. 30,2007 and the 1st examination through a clinical periodontal index and a radiograph to analyze the periodontal status in smoking status. For the inspection of periodontal status, t-test and one-way analysis of variance was conducted. Results: In terms of the number of quadrants possessing periodontal pocket, the groups of smokers(3.34) and former smokers(3.38) were higher than the non-smokers group(2.72) and the amount of loss for interproximal bone was noticeably more abundant in the groups of smokers(67.23) and former smokers(81.97) than in the non-smoker group(49.44). There were no differences in smoking characteristics between the smoking terms, but there were statistically significant differences in the amount of smoking between the group who smoked less than 20 cigarettes(56.24) and that smoked more than 21 cigarettes(97.45) and the group who smoked less than 10 cigarettes(49.44) while drinking alcohol and that smoked more than 11 cigarettes(87.56) while drinking. Conclusions: Smoking is not related to 0' Leary Plaque Index, Loe & Silness index and number of missing teeth; however, it has been found that the impact of smoking was conspicuous in the improvement effects of periodontal status as well as the number of quadrants possessing periodontal pocket, amount of loss for interproximal bone

Relation of smoking and periodontal status among 30s-50s Adults in Metropolitan Area

Objectives: Smoking is well known risk factor various disease and cause of periodontal disease. So the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between somking and periodontal status. Methods: This study conducted a survey for the 151 aduts aged 30 to 59 from Oct. 1,2006 to Mar. 30, 2007 and the 1st examination through a clinical periodontal index and a radiograph to analyze the periodontal status in smoking status. For the inspection of periodontal status, t-test and one-way analysis of variance was conducted. Results: In terms of the number of quadrants possessing periodontal pocket, the groups of smokers(3.34) and former smokers(3.38) were higher than the non-smokers group(2.72) and the amount of loss for interproximal bone was noticeably more abundant in the groups of smokers(67.23) and formoer smokers(81.97) than in the non-smoking group(49.44). There were to differences in the amount of smoking between the group who smoked less than 20 cigarettes(56.24) and that smoked more than 21 cigarettes(97.45) and the group who smoked less than 10 cigarettes (49.44) while drinking alcohol and that smoked more than 11 cigarcttes*87.56) while drinking. Conelusions: Smoking is not related to O' Leary Plaque Index, Loe & Silness index and number of missing teeth; however, it has been found that the impact of smoking was conspicuous in the improvement effects of periodontal status as well as the number of quadrants possessing periodontal pocket, amount of loss for interprowimal bone