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    ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ณผ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถ„์•ผ ๊ณต์ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์›์กฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑด์ •์ฑ…๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2019. 2. ๊น€์„ ์˜.๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  : ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ํฐ ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ WHO ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ 75%๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹ ์งˆํ™˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์›์กฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ฆ์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์›์กฐ ์‚ฌ์—…๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ต์œก์ œ๊ณต ๋ฐ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ค‘๋…๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฐ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถ„์•ผ ์›์กฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” DAC๊ฐ€ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ ์ค‘ 97๊ฐœ๊ตญ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถ„์•ผ ์›์กฐ์™€ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด(์žฅ์• ๋ณด์ •์†์‹ค๋…„์ˆ˜: DALYs)๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํŒจ๋„ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• : ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถ„์•ผ ์›์กฐ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด DALYs๋ฅผ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด ์ธก์ •๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํŒจ๋„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• ์ค‘ ๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ STATA 15.1 ๋ฒ„์ „์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2007๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2016๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ณผ 2005๋…„์—์„œ 2014๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถ„์•ผ ์›์กฐ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ์„ค๋ช…๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด์žฅ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์€ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด (๋‚จ,์—ฌ ํฌํ•จ), ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณต์ง€์‚ฌ, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž ๋น„์œจ, ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ถ„์•ผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ง€์ถœ์•ก, ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ ๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•œ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ ๋น„์œจ, ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฐ€๋„, ํก์—ฐ์œจ, ์Œ์ฃผ์œจ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ๋น„์œจ, ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™์ฐธ๊ฐ€์œจ ๋ฐ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฅ ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ OECD CRS์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ด 150๊ฐœ๊ตญ ์ค‘ 97๊ฐœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ : ํŒจ๋„ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ถ„์•ผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ง€์ถœ์•ก(ฮฒ=0.005, p-value=0.011), ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฐ€๋„ (ฮฒ=0.00035, p-value=0.000) ๋ฐ ์Œ์ฃผ์œจ (ฮฒ=0.0028, p-value=0.011) ์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ •(+)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํก์—ฐ์œจ(ฮฒ=0.00094 p-value=0.046)๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™์ฐธ๊ฐ€์œจ(ฮฒ=0.0010, p-value=0.002)์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ถ€(-)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณต์ง€์‚ฌ(ฮฒ=0.0048, p-value=0.000), ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฐ€๋„(ฮฒ=0.00027, p-value=0.008), ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ๋น„์œจ(ฮฒ=0.152, p-value=0.000) ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™์ฐธ๊ฐ€์œจ(ฮฒ=0.111, p-value=0.006)์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ •(+)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„, ํก์—ฐ์œจ(ฮฒ=0.00286 p-value=0.011์€ ๋ถ€(-)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ถ„์•ผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ง€์ถœ์•ก((ฮฒ=0.0054, p-value=0.005)๊ณผ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฐ€๋„(ฮฒ=0.00038, p-value=0.001), ์Œ์ฃผ์œจ(ฮฒ=0.0029, p-value=0.001)์€ ์ „์ฒด ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์— ์ •(+)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž ๋น„์œจ(ฮฒ=0.0012, p-value=0.008)๊ณผ ํก์—ฐ์œจ(ฮฒ=0.0012, p-value=0.000)์€ ๋ถ€(-)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถ„์•ผ ์›์กฐ์˜ p-value๋Š” ๊ฐ 0.16, 0.072 ๋ฐ 0.14๋กœ์„œ ๋‘ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถ„์•ผ ์›์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ „์ฒด ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ถ„์•ผ ์›์กฐ์‚ฌ์—… ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ฆ์ง„๋งŒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ €์กฐํ•œ ์žฌ์ •๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ : ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถ„์•ผ ์›์กฐ์™€ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด ๊ฐ„ ํŒจ๋„ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์€ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž ๋น„์œจ, ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ถ„์•ผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ง€์ถœ์•ก, ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฐ€๋„, ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณต์ง€์‚ฌ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ๋น„์œจ, ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™์ฐธ๊ฐ€์œจ, ์Œ์ฃผ์œจ, ํก์—ฐ์œจ์ด ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถ„์•ผ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ณผ 5%์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํก์—ฐ์œจ(p-value=0.046, 0.011, 0.008)์€ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ณผ 5% ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๋ถ€(-)์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋†’์€ ํก์—ฐ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹ ์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค(Chang et al., 2011). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํก์—ฐ์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋น„ํ•ด 2๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ๋งŽ์Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด ๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณต์ง€์‚ฌ(ฮฒ=0.0048, p-value=0.000)์™€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ •(+)์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ณต์ง€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถ„์•ผ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถ„์•ผ ์›์กฐ ์ฆ์•ก๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ฆ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถ„์•ผ์— ํŠนํ™” ๋œ ํŽ€๋”ฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณต์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ณผ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถ„์•ผ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋ถ€์กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋„๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ จ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์‚ฌ ์–‘์„ฑ์— ๋”์šฑ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์˜ ์žฌ์ •์  ์ง€์›๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋„๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ์ง„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‰ฝ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ ์ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์„ ๊ต์œก์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข…ํ•ฉ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ณผ 5% ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ •(+)์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค.Introduction : Currently mental health in developing countries do not attract due attention in the field of global health, despite the importance and high disease burden of mental disorders. In fact, mental disorders account for 30% of non-fatal disease burden worldwide and the WHO reports that 75% of people with mental disorders live in developing countries and the majority do not have access to any kind of care. In this situation international aid groups have sponsored dozens of interventions for mental health, but studies about foreign aid spent on mental health are still insufficient and have been neglected. Thus, there is need to investigate the current status of development assistance for mental health in developing country to fill the knowledge gap. The aim of this study is to investigate if DAMH has an association with the burden of mental illness in developing countries by gender. The study characterized the association between the tracked and categorized projects on mental health and the burden of mental illness using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), a metric of mental health outcomes. Methods : To investigate the potential relationship between foreign aid on mental health and burden of mental health in developing countries, a panel data regression (the fixed-effects model) using STATA 15.1 was performed. Total burden of mental illness was collected from the IHME between 2007 and 2016. Burden of mental illness included ten specific mental disorders(i.e.,alcohol disorders, schizophrenia opioid disorders, cocaine use disorders, amphetamine use disorders, cannabis use disorders, other drug use disorders, major depressive disorders, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder). In addition, burden of mental illness was classified with three dependent indicators: total burden of mental illness (both sexes), burden of mental illness (males), and burden of mental illness (females). Each time period of DAMH is used as a primary independent variable from 2005 to 2014. Variables measuring professionals working in mental health are included to control for the availability of health services in developing countries. Socioeconomic variables, used as control variables included contributing family workers, government expenditure on health as a percentage of GDP, population density, school enrollment, secondary (gross) gender parity index (GPI), violence against women, alcohol consumption, prevalence of smoking, labor force participation rate, and annual drug use of general population of men. Results : According to the results of panel regression, although there are small estimate coefficients between dependent variable and independent variables, domestic government health expenditure(ฮฒ=0.005, p-value=0.011), population density(ฮฒ=0.00035, p-value=0.000), and alcohol consumption(ฮฒ=0.0028, p-value=0.011) are positively associated with males burden of mental disorders at the significance level of 0.05. Conversely, smoking rate and labor force participation are negatively associated with the males burden of mental illness. With one-unit increases in smoking rate and labor force participation, males burden of mental illness is expected to decrease by 0.0019 units (ฮฒ=0.00094 p-value=0.046) and 0.0033 units (ฮฒ=0.0010, p-value=0.002), respectively. Females burden of mental disorders is positively associated with social workers, population density, violence against women, and labor force participation rate at the significance level of 0.05. With one-unit increases in social workers, population density, violence against women, and labor force participation rate, females burden of mental illness is expected to increase by 0.0178 units (ฮฒ=0.0048, p-value=0.000), 0.0012 units (ฮฒ=0.00027, p-value=0.008), 1.796 units (ฮฒ=0.152, p-value=0.000), and 0.0017 units (ฮฒ=0.111, p-value=0.006). While, tobacco use(ฮฒ=0.00286 p-value=0.011) is negatively associated with females burden of mental disorders. The total burden of mental illness(both sexes) is positively associated with domestic government health expenditure(ฮฒ=0.0054, p-value=0.005), population density(ฮฒ=0.00038, p-value=0.001), and alcohol consumption(ฮฒ=0.0029, p-value=0.001) at the significance level of 0.05. On the other hand, with one-unit increases in contributing family workers and tobacco consumption rate, total disease burden of mental health is expected to decrease by 0.0032 units (ฮฒ=0.0012, p-value=0.008) and 0.0058 units (ฮฒ=0.0012, p-value=0.000). Overall, the associations between DAMH and each dependent variable were not statistically significant (p-value= 0.16, 0.072, 0.14) to reject the null hypothesis that DAMH is associated with a decreased burden of mental illness in developing countries. The association between DAMH and mental health burden was insignificant due to the characteristics of DAMHthat is, there were very few projects supporting mental health with a small amount of funding. Conclusion : The findings from panel regression results identifying association between DAMH and mental health burden (DALYs) revealed three observations: First, other independent variables (e.g., contributing family workers, domestic government health expenditure, population density, social workers, violence against women, labor force participation, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use rate) have associations with males and females burden of mental illness and the total burden of mental illness (both sexes) at the 5% significance level. Second, tobacco use is negatively associated with the burden of mental illness(p-value=0.046, 0.011, 0.008). Regarding the results, some studies argue that smoking among people facing social and economic deprivation may be used as a self-medicating method of coping with stress(Chang et al., 2011). However, this result is somewhat different from the previous studies that smoking is associated with an increased risk of major depression and that smoking rates among adults with depression are twice as high as those among adults without depression (Ash, 2016). Third, more social workers working in mental health (ฮฒ=0.0048, p-value=0.000) has a positive association with the burden of female mental illness at the significance level of 0.01. One possible explanation is that the increase in the number of trained professionals working in mental health plays an important role in managing the burden of female mental illness by making females recognize their mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety disorders. This study, therefore, suggests that to manage burden of mental illness, the need for specified mental health-related funding should be further advocated by raising awareness of the burden of mental illness, its socioeconomic impact, and the lack of funding for mental health to guide future research and policymaking. Moreover, based on the result that social workers working in mental health have an association with the burden of female mental illness, it is assumed that an increase in the number of trained professionals working in mental health will make a positive impact on managing the burden of female mental illness. In addition, this study also suggests that partnerships between professional human resources in high-income countries and health-related institutions in developing countries should be encouraged to build capacity. The result of these partnerships is expected to be sustainable to educate health professionals in developing countries. Research capabilities will be an essential educational component to make policies and to ensure outcome measurements of training for professionals working in mental health.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1-1. Background 1 1-2. Purpose 3 1-3. Hypothesis 3 1-4. Literature Review 4 Chapter 2. Methods 12 2-1. Study Design 12 2-2. Data Sources 14 2-3. Measures 16 2-4. Analysis 26 Chapter 3. Results 33 Chapter 4. Discussion and Conclusion 45 References 48 Appendix A 54 Appendix B 60 Appendix C 68 Appendix D 73Maste

    Recent Trends of Development Assistance to North Korea : Analysis focused on aid for healthcare sector

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    ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2017๋…„ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ†ต์ผํ‰ํ™”์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ 2017๋…„ ํ†ต์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์ถ•์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์ŒThis study aims to overview and examine the recent trends of development assistance in the healthcare sector for North Korea, by the channel and type of aid (such as the Korean government, other public and private organizations, international agencies, and other foreign aid donors), in order to provide insights for the future direction of the healthcare aid for North Korea. To identify the amount of the healthcare sector aid provided to North Korea, a comprehensive database was constructed by compiling ODA data from the OECD CRS, Korean NGOs reports, Korea EXIM bank reports and unification white paper from the Ministry of Unification. A total of 562 projects were identified for the period between January 1995 and July 2018, and were analyzed. The results shows that the number of aid projects of national private organizations was 84 accounting for 14.9% of the total of the healthcare sector aid for North Korea. Provision of medicines and medical devices was the largest part of the aid. The results also indicate that, in case of the national public organizations, the aid on supporting medical devices and equipment accounts for 45.5%. International NGOs and international organizations mainly carried out ODA projects on healthcare for North Korea as donors. The main aid areas were strengthening health workforce capacity through work-based training, improving health care system, and healthcare policy. However, the amount of aid to North Korea has been affected by inter-Korean relations and global political situations since 1995. Overall, our study suggests that, for providing sustainable development assistance to North Korea, the following activities are warranted: first, increase of financial and technical support for healthcare policy and training health workforce in North Korea, second, constructing comprehensive plan for the healthcare system development through building cooperative network between Korean government and the North Korean government; and lastly, strengthening Korean governments capacity as a facilitator between the international organizations, the North Korean government, the domestic and international NGOs.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์•ผ ๋Œ€๋ถ์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์—… ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ๊ณต์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€(๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฏผ๊ด€๊ธฐ๊ด€, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€, ํ•ด์™ธ๊ธฐ๊ด€)๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•, ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์•ผ ๋Œ€๋ถ์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ์€ 1995๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„ 7์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์ด 562๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€, ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ๊ด€, ํ•ด์™ธ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์•ผ ๋Œ€๋ถ์ง€์› ์‚ฌ์—… ์ „๋ฐ˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ—Œ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ž๋ฃŒ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด 562๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 562๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ์—… ์ค‘ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…์€ 84๊ฐœ(14.9%)์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์š” ์ง€์›๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฃŒ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ์ง€์›์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง€์›์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์žฅ๋น„๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ, ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๋ณ‘์›์‹œ์„ค ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์˜๋ฃŒ์žฅ๋น„ ๋ฐ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์›์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋ณด๊ฑด ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์•ผ ๋Œ€๋ถ์ง€์› ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ค‘ 45.5%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด์™ธ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์•ผ ๋Œ€๋ถ ์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ NGO์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณด๊ฑด์ธ๋ ฅ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ•ํ™”, ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ์„ , ๋ณด๊ฑด ์ •์ฑ… ์ฆ์ง„ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ „์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ง€์›์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚จ๋ถ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ •์„ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์—… ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•…๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋Œ€๋ถ์ง€์›์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ๋ณด๊ฑด ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ฑด ์„œ๋น„์Šค, ๋ณด๊ฑด์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์›์ฆ๋Œ€, ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋‚จ๋ถ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ณ„ํš ๊ตฌ์ถ•, ์…‹์งธ, ๋ถํ•œ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ NGO๋“ค ๊ฐ„ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ์กฐ์ •์ž ๋ฐ ์กฐ๋ ฅ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค
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