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    ์„ฑ์ฒด ๊ฐ„์—ฝ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œํ”ผ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ๋ฐ•๊ฒฝ์ฐฌ.์ตœ๊ทผ ์กฐ์ง ์žฌ์ƒ ๊ณตํ•™์—์„œ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์„ฑ์ฒด ๊ฐ„์—ฝ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋ชธ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ œ์•ฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ ์–ด ์ฐฝ์ƒ ์น˜์œ , ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๋…ธํ™”์˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค ์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์ƒ ํ›„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ”ผ ์žฌ์ƒ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ด๋“ค ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ง„ํ”ผ-ํ‘œํ”ผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ 3์ฐจ์› ์ธ๊ณตํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ•˜๊ณ , ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œํ”ผ ์žฌ์ƒ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ฒด ๊ฐ„์—ฝ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ‘œํ”ผ ์žฌ์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ (์„ฌ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ, ๊ณจ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„์—ฝ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ)๋กœ 3์ฐจ์› ์ธ๊ณตํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ง„ํ”ผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋œ ์ธ๊ณตํ”ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ € ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹ ์ •๋„, ๊ธฐ์ €๋ง‰์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ”ผ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ €๋ง‰์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ‘œํ”ผ ์ฆ์‹ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ, ํ‘œํ”ผ ๋ถ„ํ™” ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ, ๊ธฐ์ €๋ง‰ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ฐฝ์ƒ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฉด์—ญํ˜•๊ด‘์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง„ํ”ผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ high-throughput mRNA sequencing์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฐœํ˜„์–‘์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์—ญํ˜•๊ด‘์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œก์•ˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ฒด ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณตํ”ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์„ฌ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ธ๊ณตํ”ผ๋ถ€์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ, ํ‘œํ”ผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ €์ธต ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์™€ ๋” ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉด์—ญํ˜•๊ด‘์—ผ์ƒ‰ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋„ ํ‘œํ”ผ์ฆ์‹ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ธ PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) ๋˜๋Š” p63์ด ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ธ๊ณตํ”ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ €๋ง‰ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ธ integrin ์—ญ์‹œ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์„ฑ์ฒด ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” EGF-like domain ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ฒด ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ•ญ์‚ฐํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ‘œํ”ผ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐฝ์ƒ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ธ galectin-7์€ ์„ฑ์ฒด ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ธ๊ณตํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ํ‘œํ”ผ์—์„œ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Activin A๋Š” high-throughput mRNA sequencing ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์„ฌ์œ ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์„ฑ์ฒด ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฉด์—ญํ˜•๊ด‘์—ผ์ƒ‰์—์„œ๋„ ํ‘œํ”ผ์™€ ์ง„ํ”ผ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„๋น„ ํšจ๊ณผ (paracrine effect)๋กœ ๊ฐ์งˆํ˜•์„ฑ์„ธํฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ activin A๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์™„์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ธ๊ณตํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์งˆํ˜•์„ฑ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” activin A๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ง„ํ”ผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด, ์ง„ํ”ผ-ํ‘œํ”ผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ์„ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค.I. ์„œ๋ก  1 II. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6 III. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 12 IV. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 31 V. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  38 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 39 ์˜๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 45Docto

    malondialdehyde-conjugated peptide์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹จ์„ธํฌ๊ตฐํ•ญ์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์ „๊ณต,2000.Maste

    The Relationship Between Constitutive Pigmentation and Excimer Laser Radiation Induced Erythema

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2012. 2. ๋ฐ•๊ฒฝ์ฐฌ.ํ™๋ฐ˜๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์ž์™ธ์„ ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž์™ธ์„  ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์•„์ง ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—‘์‹œ๋จธ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ›„ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ™๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ–‡๋ณ• ๋…ธ์ถœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ 6๋ช…์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์ง€์ˆ˜(MI)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•œ ๋ถ€์œ„ ๋‹น ์—‘์‹œ๋จธ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €(350mJ/cm2)๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ „ํ›„์˜ ํ™๋ฐ˜์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰(โ–ณEI)์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ด‘๋…ธ์ถœ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน(๋น„๋…ธ์ถœ๋ถ€, ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ถ€, ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์  ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ถ€)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ 36 ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— 12 ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์†ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Sun exposure index(SEI)๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „์ฒด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ โ–ณEI์™€ MI ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  โ–ณEI์™€ SEI์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๋…ธ์ถœ๋ถ€์˜ ํ‰๊ท  โ–ณEI๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์  ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ถ€์˜ ํ‰๊ท  โ–ณEI๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ถ€์˜ โ–ณEI๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ โ–ณEI์™€ MI๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค(R2=0.135). ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ–ณEI์™€ SEI์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ (R2=0.344), โ–ณEI์™€ MI๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋„ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž์™ธ์„  ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ž์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ด‘๋…ธ์ถœ ๋นˆ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฐ„์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์—‘์‹œ๋จธ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž์™ธ์„  ์œ ๋ฐœ ํ™๋ฐ˜๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ •๋„๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰(baseline pigmentation)๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ SEI์™€ ๋” ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.There are reports of erythema response to UV radiation but it is not clear which factors mostly affects UV sensitivity. In this study, six healthy Korean adult men were enrolled and baseline melanin index (MI) and increment of erythema index (โ–ณEI) were measured. In one individual, twelve different body sites were selected and a total of 3 spots at each site were irradiated with a single shot of monochromatic excimer laser with a dose of 350mJ/cm2 using XTRACยฎ Excimer Laser. Considering cumulative sun-exposure, site was categorized into three groups (UZ: unexposed zone, FEZ: frequently exposed zone, IEZ: intermittently exposed zone). According to literature, the sun exposure indexes (SEI) were also calculated. Both baseline MI and โ–ณEI varied significantly among three groups. Acute erythema response (โ–ณEI) in UZ was significantly higher than that of FEZ, but lower than that of IEZ. Regression analysis between baseline MI and โ–ณEI showed statistical significance (R2=0.135). Noteworthy, significant results were demonstrated in FEZ (R2=0.073) and UZ (R2=0.311) but not in IEZ (R2=0.011). The average SEI of FEZ, IEZ and UZ were 48.3ยฑ46.2, 18.9ยฑ25.0, and 8.2ยฑ48.7 respectively. Interestingly, higher value of coefficient of determination (R2=0.306) was obtained when regression analysis was done between SEI and โ–ณEI. All three groups also showed much higher R2 compared to previous analysis using MI. There were significant site variations in UV sensitivity to excimer laser irradiation along with skin pigmentation. Furthermore, significant differences were observed according to different categories of skin. Interestingly, erythema response did not correlated well with basal skin pigmentation in IEZ. In contrast, all of regression square was significantly higher by analyzing with SEI. These results suggested that induced pigmentation above constitutive level will be a better indicator for UV sensitivity. We also suggest that different pattern of UV exposure and local differences with adaptive cutaneous response accounts for discrepancies in UV sensitivity at different sites.Maste

    Uncertainty-Aware Deep Detection Neural Networks with Probabilistic Modeling

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021.8. ์ดํ˜์žฌ.Object detection combines the localization and classification tasks to classify and localize one or more objects in an image or video data. The development of GPU along with deep learning algorithm has accelerated research of deep learning-based object detection. Recently, deep learning-based object detection achieves a better level of accuracy than humans and has become an essential method in various applications such as autonomous driving systems or unmanned stores. Although object detection combines both the localization and classification tasks, conventional object detection algorithms rely on classification-based confidence score to estimate object category and location information. Conventional method cannot estimate a confidence score of the localization task and therefore it cannot cope with false positive caused by mislocalization. Especially, this problem leads to severe accidents in autonomous driving application, thereby, it is essential to resolve this problem. In addition, conventional object detection algorithms require a large amount of labeled data to obtain high accuracy. While crawling a large amount of image data is a trivial task, labeling these data is an expensive and time-consuming activity. An image typically contains multiple objects, and each object requires a category and a bounding box information. To solve this problem, active learning has been studied actively. However, most of active learning studies for object detection are based on multiple models or are straightforward extensions of active learning for classification, hence using only the classification-based information. Thus, these previous methods require high computing costs and fail to utilize localization-based information for active learning, therefore these methods cannot be a complete solution. As a solution to reduce labeling cost, semi-supervised learning for object detection is also being actively studied. Semi-supervised learning is a method of using labeled data with annotation and unlabeled data consisting only of images in training. In general, the amount of unlabeled data has a much larger than that of labeled data. The conventional semi-supervised learning increases the training time by using all these data during training without grasping the usefulness of unlabeled data, thereby reducing efficiency in training. This dissertation proposes solutions to the three problems mentioned above. First, this dissertation proposes a method of localization uncertainty modeling and novel localization loss function to solve the false positive problem caused by mislocalization. By utilizing the predicted localization uncertainty in the inference step, the proposed method significantly reduces the false positive and improves the accuracy. Second, this dissertation proposes a high accuracy and low-cost active learning method for object detection. The proposed method estimates both classification and localization uncertainties with a single model and a single forward pass, and leverages them in active learning, thereby achieving outstanding performance gains in terms of accuracy and computational cost. Third, this dissertation proposes a method of an uncertainty-based unlabeled data filtering for semi-supervised learning. The proposed method significantly reduces the training time and improves the accuracy by selecting only the unlabeled data that helps to improve the performance of the model. The problems and proposed methods are dealt with in detail in each chapter of this dissertation.Object detection (๊ฐ์ฒด ํƒ์ง€)์€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋‚ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” classification๊ณผ ๊ฐ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์œ„์น˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” localization์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹๊ณผ GPU์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ object detection ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ object detection ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋†’์€ ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ธ ํŽธ์˜์  ๋“ฑ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ application์—์„œ ๊ทธ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Object detection์ด classification๊ณผ localization task๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์กด object detection ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ classification ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ confidence score์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ๋‹ค. Localization ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ confidence๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— localization์— ์˜ํ•œ false positive์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด false positive๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” application์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ mislocalization ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, object detection ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋†’์€ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด annotation๋œ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ labeled ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šต ์‹œ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ resource์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ labeling cost ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด object detection์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋™์  ํ•™์Šต (active learning)์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ object detection์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋™์  ํ•™์Šต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ uncertainty ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋†’์€ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Šฅ๋™์  ํ•™์Šต ์‹œ localization ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  classification ์ •๋ณด์—๋งŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. Labeling cost๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ object detection์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋„ ํ•™์Šต (semi-supervised learning)์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋„ ํ•™์Šต์€ annotation ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” labeled ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ unlabeled ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ unlabeled ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” labeled ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์–‘์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋„ ํ•™์Šต์€ unlabeled ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šต ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šต ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Œ€ํญ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, localization์— ์˜ํ•œ false positive ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด localization uncertainty ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด localization loss function์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ localization uncertainty๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, localization์— ์˜ํ•œ false positive๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํญ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ, ์ €๋น„์šฉ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ object detection์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Šฅ๋™์  ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋Šฅ๋™์  ํ•™์Šต ์‹œ classification uncertainty ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ localization uncertainty๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉฐ, uncertainty ์˜ˆ์ธก ์‹œ single model๊ณผ single forward pass๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด ๋Œ€๋น„ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Œ€ํญ ์ค„์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋†’์€ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ๋กœ, ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋„ ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ uncertainty ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ unlabeled ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” unlabeled ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋งŒ์„ ํ•™์Šต์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋Œ€๋น„ ํ•™์Šต ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Œ€ํญ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฐ ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 3 1.3 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ง€์‹ 6 2.1 ๊ฐ์ฒด ํƒ์ง€ (object detection) 6 2.1.1 Two-stage object detection 7 2.1.2 One-stage object detection 8 2.2 ๋Šฅ๋™์  ํ•™์Šต (active learning) 9 2.3 ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋„ ํ•™์Šต (semi-supervised learning) 11 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ Localization uncertainty๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์ฒด ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ 15 3.1 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„œ๋ก  15 3.2 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 19 3.3 Gaussian YOLOv3 22 3.3.1 Gaussian ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 22 3.3.2 Loss function ์žฌ์„ค๊ณ„ 25 3.3.3 Localization uncertainty์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 28 3.4 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 29 3.4.1 Localization uncertainty ํ‰๊ฐ€ 30 3.4.2 Gaussian YOLOv3์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 32 3.4.3 False positive์™€ true positive์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ , ์ˆ˜์น˜์  ํ‰๊ฐ€ 38 3.5 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  44 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๊ฐ์ฒด ํƒ์ง€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋™์  ํ•™์Šต 46 4.1 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„œ๋ก  46 4.2 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 49 4.2.1 ๊ฐ์ฒด ํƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋Šฅ๋™์  ํ•™์Šต 49 4.2.2 ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ 50 4.3 ๊ฐ์ฒด ํƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋™์  ํ•™์Šต 51 4.3.1 ๊ฐ์ฒด ํƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ mixture ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 53 4.3.2 ๋Šฅ๋™์  ํ•™์Šต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ scoring function 57 4.4 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 59 4.4.1 ๊ฐ์ฒด ํƒ์ง€์—์„œ mixture ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ 60 4.4.2 ๋Šฅ๋™์  ํ•™์Šต ํ‰๊ฐ€ 65 4.4.3 ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ transferability 74 4.4.4 Parameter ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ 76 4.4.5 Classification loss์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 80 4.5 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  82 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋„ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ unlabeled ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๋ฐ uncertainty ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋„ ๋Šฅ๋™์  ํ•™์Šต 83 5.1 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„œ๋ก  83 5.2 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 84 5.3 Unlabeled ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง 87 5.4 Uncertainty ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋„ ๋Šฅ๋™์  ํ•™์Šต 90 5.5 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 93 5.5.1 Unlabeled ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง 93 5.5.2 Uncertainty ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋„ ๋Šฅ๋™์  ํ•™์Šต 96 5.6 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  98 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  99 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 101 Abstract 116๋ฐ•

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 2. ์ดํ˜์žฌ.์ตœ๊ทผ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ํŒจ๋„์˜ frame rate์ด 120~240Hz ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „์†ก๋˜๋Š” video์˜ frame rate์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” frame rate up conversion(FRUC) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. FRUC๋Š” ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์ƒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” FRUC์˜ ํ™”์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์ƒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” motion-compensated(MC) FRUC ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ฐ๊ด‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. MC-FRUC์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„ ์ถ”์ • ๊ณผ์ •(motion estimation, ME)์€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กญ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, FRUC์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„ ์ถ”์ •์€ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ cost๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•œ FRUC ์šฉ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. Cost ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด block ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„ ์ถ”์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, motion vector(MV)๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ object์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ MV๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด dual MV estimation ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ME๋ฅผ 2๋ฒˆ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์— 2๋ฒˆ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. FRUC ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ bottle neck์€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, 2๋ฒˆ์˜ ME๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์ ‘๊ทผ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ 1๋ฒˆ์˜ ME๋กœ dual MV estimation ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ single pass dual MV estimation ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ํ”ฝ์…€ ๋‹น 64 ๋ฒ„ํผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๋•Œ, dual MV estimation ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๊ณผ 0.36%์˜ MV ์˜ค์ฐจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ํ•„์š” ๋ฒ„ํผ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1.21% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ hierarchical estimation ๋Œ€๋น„ ํ‰๊ท  partial PSNR์€ 1.58dB ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํ‰๊ท  PSNR์€ 0.23dB ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ2์žฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 5 ์ œ3์žฅ Single Pass Dual MV Estimation ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 15 ์ œ4์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 52 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  66 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 68 Abstract 70Maste

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