18 research outputs found

    A Study on the Meaning of Goal Setting and Effects of Intervention within Curriculum-Based Measurement

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์ค‘์‹ฌ์ธก์ •์—์„œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์„ค์ •์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต์ด ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์ €์„ฑ์ทจ ์•„๋™์˜ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์นด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ•™์Šต์€ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ €ํ•™๋…„ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์ €์„ฑ์ทจ ์•„๋™์˜ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์ค‘์‹ฌ์ธก์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์—ญ๋™์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์„ค์ •์€ '์•ผ์‹ฌ์„ฑ'๊ณผ 'ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ'์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ญ๋™์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์„ค์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ˆ˜๊ต์œก์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์ค‘์‹ฌ์ธก์ •์— ์—ญ๋™์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์„ค์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ƒ์  ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์ค‘์žฌ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ค‘์žฌ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. This exploratory study investigates what does the goal-setting means within Curriculum-Based Measurement(CBM) and how the number-counting strategy influences on the calculation fluency to a low-achieving student. The subject was a 3rd grade student placed in general education elementary school who was struggling with low-achievement in mathematics. The instrument was BASA-MATH(Basic Academic Skills Assessment) standardized by Kim which measured mathematical calculation fluency. For the period of intervention(about 3 months, 27 sessions), the student practiced number-counting strategies and studied about 40-50 calculation(addition, subtraction) problems each sessions. The results of the study were as follows: First, the calculation correct digits of the student was changed from 14 to 50 per 2 minutes. This result was interpreted that the number-counting strategies could have dramatic effects on the number sense among mathematical low-achieving students. Second, the number of goal changes was 3, and the goal ambitiousness was 257%. This result was interpreted that, this dynamic goal-increasing behavior was prompted by the student exceeding the rates of progress that researcher anticipated. This means that, despite the importance of ambitious goals, special educators' typical goal-setting standards may underestimate students' potential. The author suggested that the dynamic goal-setting strategy within Curriculum-Based Measurement(CBM) can be an workable methodology the special education teacher might employ for empirically deriving ambitious, but realistic, goal. The author also suggested that the dynamic goal-setting strategy itself function as another intervention, added to intended interventions. Implication of the results, limitations of this study, and suggestions for the following research were discussed

    Fe-S centers์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ผํ•ญ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์–‘์žํšจ์œจ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้™ข :่พฒๅŒ–ๅญธ็ง‘,1995.Maste

    Technical adequacy of accommodated test for students with disabilities : with special regards of score comparability

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ํŠน์ˆ˜๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต,2005.Docto

    ํ–‰์œ„์žยญ-๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ด๋ก (ANT) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ(์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2022. 8. ๊น€์ฐฌ์ข….We live in the knowledge and information Society where a great deal of information is fused with creative and innovative knowledge to create new values. In such a society, a new scope of problem-solving ability is required, that is different from abilities that were useful in industrial society, which were based on science and technology. Recently, data literacy, which is the ability to collect and utilize meaningful data among vast amount of data, has been attracting attention as a major way to cultivate this ablity. As the importance of scientific inquiry experience has been recognized in the field of science education, research and education(R&E) programs where students can take the lead and experience the research processes of scientists, have been expanding. However, students without experience in these programs may face various difficulties in the process of research problem development. In this study, an R&E program focused on data literacy was developed to utilize data literacy as a way for students to solve problems on their own in an R&E program. While students went through the developed R&E program afterwards, they were examined in terms of their research problem development process and their scientific practices from the perspective of actor-network theory(ANT). The intent was to determine how data literacy can contribute to students' growing up as scientists, which can lead to a new perspective on the students' scientific knowledge generation process. The research participants were four 1st-year students at a science gifted high school who took part in an R&E program focused on data literacy. The researcher collected documents, interviews, observations and audio-visual data. From the ANT perspective, the construction process of scientific knowledge is described as a heterogeneous network constructed as an alliance between human and non-human actors, and non-human actors can also exist as actors actively constructing knowledge. From this point of view, I aimed to analyze the dynamic interaction of various actors in the four moments of translation - problematization, interessement, enrollment, and mobilization - by viewing the research problem development process shown by the students in the R&E program as a heterogeneous network construction. To accomplish this, the main actors appearing in the research problem development process were identified and their interactions changed according to the moment of translation and analyzed. Through this process, the action of data literacy in the research problem development was identified, and what kind of agency can be exerted by data, which is a non-human actor, in the research problem development network was investigated. In the problematization, with the goal of developing a research problem, the mentor teacher identified students, scientist, and data as the principal actors of the network, making โ€œusing data which help develop a research problemโ€ the obligatory passage point. Students had difficulties in developing a research problem on their own, and this experience became an important opportunity to recognize the need for the ability to utilize data. In the interessement, the mentor teacher suggested that students participate in a data literacy cultivation course, which allowed them to develop abilities to generate, organize, manage, utilize, and analyze data, and to improve data-based communication skills. It turned out that the data literacy cultivation course proposed by the mentor teacher served as an โ€œinteressement deviceโ€ for students. In the enrollment, the students successfully got to develop a research problem with the data utilization ability developed in the data literacy cultivation course. Finally, in the mobilization, students came up with their own research design and conducted it to achieve the research goal, with most of these processes being recorded in research notes, which was displaced into a research proposal. The research problem develop network was created through various interactions centered on students and data, and it was found that, in particular, the cultivation of students' data literacy led to the active emergence of data literacy elements. In this case, data literacy contributed to developing the research problem through translating and interacting with data by playing the role of a mediator within the network. This was a case that showed that data, which is a non-human actor, can exert agency to change the actions of other actors in the research problem development network. In addition, various detours appeared when difficulties occurred in the process of developing the research problem, and it was found that these detours could be caused by both non-human actors such as data and human actors such as a mentor teacher and a scientist. Through this, it can be seen that the process of developing the research problem is not simply linear, and it takes the form of a heterogeneous network constructed of various actors. Scientific practices, the processes of knowledge generation by scientists, can be viewed as heterogeneous networks in which various actors are intertwined, and scientists construct knowledge and connect actors through inscription activities. From this same point of view, in order to examine the process and characteristics of scientific practices that students showed while participating in the R&E program focused on data literacy, I paid attention to inscriptions. First, the various inscriptions appearing in the R&E program were listed in chronological order, and the key inscriptions that played an important role in the progress of the R&E program were determined. The interactions between actors that occurred mainly on the key inscriptions and the changes in the inscriptions were then examined. As a result, it was found that scientific practices are processes in which students construct and spread scientific facts through inscriptions. It was understood that scientific practices should be recognized in the form of a network formed by various observable disciplinary literacy events that occurred during the course of the R&E program and inscriptions connecting them. In the students' scientific practices, the role of non-humans, such as inscriptions and inscription devices, which constituted new phenomena while interacting with the students, was very important. The students were able to achieve the research goal by using the appropriate inscriptions and inscription devices in the R&E program, which demonstrated the ability of non-humans to cooperate with humans to change human perceptions and behaviors and to create new phenomena. In addition, various networks were formed to strengthen the scientific practice network. Although the examples of surface water temperature prediction, desk arrangement, and data sharing using an online platform were not planned with the purpose of conducting effective research from the beginning, these networks functioned to construct and strengthen the scientific practice network. The results of this study indicate that the data literacy cultivation course contributed to the experience of scientistsโ€™ activities in which students construct their own knowledge. These results suggest that it is necessary to recognize data literacy as a way to cultivate competence as a scientist in a self-directed research environment, and to conduct specific research to effectively apply data literacy in the field of education. In particular, the fact that modern society is an environment in which large changes in the amount and type of data that are available due to the development of technology has led to data being available to be utilized by anyone further emphasizes the need for cultivating data literacy.์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์œตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ •๋ณดํ™”์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์œ ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ ฅ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ค‘ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์œก ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™ ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ธ์‹๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ๊ณผํ•™์ž์˜ ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” R&E(research & education) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋„์ถœ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด R&E ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๊ฒช๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•œ R&E ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ R&E ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋„์ถœ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ–‰์„ ํ–‰์œ„์ž-๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ด๋ก (์ดํ•˜ ANT)์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ์ง€์‹ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•œ R&E ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์˜์žฌํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ 4๋ช…์ด๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€๋„๊ต์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌธ์„œ, ๋ฉด๋‹ด, ๊ด€์ฐฐ, ์‹œ์ฒญ๊ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ANT์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋™๋งน์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜๋Š” ์ด์ข… ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋„ ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด R&E ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋„์ถœ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ด์ข… ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ , ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ, ๊ด€์‹ฌ๋Œ๊ธฐ, ๋“ฑ๋กํ•˜๊ธฐ, ๋™์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์˜ 4๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋„์ถœ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์„ ํŒ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋„์ถœ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋„์ถœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰์œ„๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๋„๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋„์ถœ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ, ๊ณผํ•™์ž, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋ฉด์„œ โ€˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋„์ถœ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒโ€™์„ ์˜๋ฌดํ†ต๊ณผ์ ์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€์‹ฌ๋Œ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๋„๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ํ•จ์–‘ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑ, ์กฐ์ง, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ํ™œ์šฉ, ๋ถ„์„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‚ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ง€๋„๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ํ•จ์–‘ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ โ€˜๊ด€์‹ฌ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์žฅ์น˜โ€™๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ๋กํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ํ•จ์–‘ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ‚ค์šด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋„์ถœ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋™์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ๋Œ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋…ธํŠธ์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋…ธํŠธ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ„ํš์„œ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋„์ถœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ํ•จ์–‘์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋Š” ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ž์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰์œ„๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋„์ถœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋„์ถœ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์šฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฐํšŒ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๋„๊ต์‚ฌ, ๊ณผํ•™์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋„์ถœ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์ข… ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™์ž์˜ ์ง€์‹ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์ธ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ–‰์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ฝํžŒ ์ด์ข… ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ž… ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•œ R&E ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ–‰์˜ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž โ€˜๊ธฐ์ž…โ€™์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , R&E ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ์ž…์„ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ์ž…์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ์ž…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ž…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ–‰์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‹คํ–‰ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ–‰์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ–‰์„ R&E ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ž…๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ–‰์—๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ž…๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ž… ์žฅ์น˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ R&E ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ž…๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ž… ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ–‰ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ์ธต ์ˆ˜์˜จ ์˜ˆ์ธก, ์ฑ…์ƒ ๋ฐฐ์น˜, ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ณต์œ ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๊ณ„ํš์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ–‰ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ํ•จ์–‘์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž ํ™œ๋™ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์ฃผ๋„์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ต์œก ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์—๋„ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋งŒ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ํ•จ์–‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ํ–‰์œ„๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ–‰ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ํฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์œก ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฏธ์ฒ˜ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋‚˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋…ผ์˜๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ธ๊ฐ„, ์ž์—ฐ, ์‚ฌํšŒ, ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์–ด์šฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๊ต์ˆ˜-ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ–‰์„ ์ด๋ค„๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ž…์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 8 3. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 9 ๊ฐ€. R&E(research & education) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 9 ๋‚˜. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(data)์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ(data literacy) 9 ๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ–‰(science practices) 10 ๋ผ. ๊ธฐ์ž…(inscription) 11 ๋งˆ. ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ(disciplinary literacy event) 12 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  13 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 15 1. ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž ์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 15 ๊ฐ€. R&E ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 15 ๋‚˜. R&E ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  18 ๋‹ค. R&E ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ–‰ 23 2. ์ง€์‹์ •๋ณดํ™”์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ 27 ๊ฐ€. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 27 ๋‚˜. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ 31 ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 35 3. ํ–‰์œ„์ž-๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ด๋ก  41 ๊ฐ€. ํ–‰์œ„์ž-๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋… 44 ๋‚˜. ํ–‰์œ„์ž-๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ต์œก ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 50 ๋‹ค. ํ–‰์œ„์ž-๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์œก 57 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 67 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 68 ๊ฐ€. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋งฅ๋ฝ 68 ๋‚˜. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 69 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 74 ๊ฐ€. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•œ R&E ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 76 ๋‚˜. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•œ R&E ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ ์šฉ 86 3. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 88 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 90 ๊ฐ€. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 90 ๋‚˜. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด 98 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 100 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋„์ถœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 100 ๊ฐ€. ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 100 ๋‚˜. ๊ด€์‹ฌ๋Œ๊ธฐ 113 ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ๋กํ•˜๊ธฐ 126 ๋ผ. ๋™์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ 135 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ ๋„์ถœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 137 ๊ฐ€. ํ•™์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ 137 ๋‚˜. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐํšŒ ๊ณผ์ • 147 3. R&E ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ • 152 ๊ฐ€. ๊ธฐ์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ™•์‚ฐ 153 ๋‚˜. ๊ธฐ์ž…์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ 167 4. R&E ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์‹คํ–‰ ํŠน์ง• 176 ๊ฐ€. ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ž…์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ 177 ๋‚˜. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 187 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 193 1. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  193 2. ํ† ์˜ 195 3. ์ œ์–ธ 198 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 202 ๋ถ€๋ก 214 [๋ถ€๋ก 1] ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋„๊ตฌ ์†Œ๊ฐœ ์ž๋ฃŒ(์ผ๋ถ€) 214 [๋ถ€๋ก 2] ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌํŒŒ์ด๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹ค์Šต ์ž๋ฃŒ(์ผ๋ถ€) 215 [๋ถ€๋ก 3] ๊ธฐ์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์‹ค์Šต ์ž๋ฃŒ 216 Abstract 225๋ฐ•
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