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    Fabrication of Pt-Based Electro-Catalyst for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 2. ๊น€์žฌ์ •.๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ „์ง€์—์„œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ํ™˜์› ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๋†’์€ ๊ณผ์ „์••์€ ์ „์ง€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์†Œ ํ™˜์›์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋ฌด์ „ํ•ด ๋„๊ธˆ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜์น˜ํ™˜๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Ptshell-Pdcore/C ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์ด‰๋งค๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๋„์„ฑ ํƒ„์†Œ์— ๋‹ด์ง€๋œ Pd์ด‰๋งค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— Cu ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ธต์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ Cu ๋ฌด์ „ํ•ด ๋„๊ธˆ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„ ์ „์ฐฉ๋œ Cu๋ฅผ Pt๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. XRD, XPS์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„๊ด‘ํ•™ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ Ptshell-Pdcore/C ์ด‰๋งค๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ๋„ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ ์ด‰๋งค๋Š” 7 wt%์˜ Pt๊ณผ 15 wt%์˜ Pd์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Šฅ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ฐํ™˜์ƒ์•”์‹œ์•ผ์ƒ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ X์„  ๋ถ„๊ด‘ ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๋™๋œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํˆฌ๊ณผ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Pd์™€ Pt์˜ ์ฝ”์–ด-์‰˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 3์ „๊ทน-์…€ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด Ptshell-Pdcore/C ์ด‰๋งค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ 4์ „์ž ์‚ฐ์†Œ ํ™˜์› ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ธก์ •๋œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” Pt/C ์ด‰๋งค๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ํ™˜์› ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์†๋„์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์€ Ptshell-Pdcore/C ์ด‰๋งค์˜ Pt ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ธต์ด ํก์ฐฉ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. Ptshell-Pdcore/C์˜ Pt ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ธต์˜ d-band์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” ํก์ฐฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์‹œ์— ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ ์ค€์œ„์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์ง€๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์˜ฎ๊น€ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์ƒ์šฉ Pt/C๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. XPS ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด Ptshell-Pdcore/C์˜ d-band ์ „์ž ๋ฐ€๋„ ํ‰๊ท  ์ฆ‰, ฮตd์ด ์ƒ์šฉ Pt/C๋ณด๋‹ค 0.27 eV ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ฮตd๋Š” ์ข€ ๋œ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ OHํก์ฐฉ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Š” Pt ์ด‰๋งค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ Pt์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ ํฌํ•จ ๋ฌผ์งˆ(Pt-O)์ด ์ˆ˜์†Œํ™”๋˜์–ด ์ด‰๋งค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ ์ด‰๋งค๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์†์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋Š” Ptshell-Pdcore/C ์ด‰๋งค๊ฐ€ Pt/C์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ 5๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ „ํ•ด ๋„๊ธˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ด‰๋งค ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ Pt์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์ด‰๋งค์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ์ด‰๋งค์˜ ์ œ์ž‘์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ „์ง€์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์ธ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ „์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” COad ํ”ผ๋…์— ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ๋™์„ ๋•๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๊ทน ์ด‰๋งค์˜ ์ œ์ž‘์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ Ptshell-Pdcore/C ์ด‰๋งค๋ฅผ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Ptshell-Pdcore/C์™€ ์ƒ์šฉ Pt/C์ด‰๋งค ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ „์••์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ์šฐ์Šค ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด Ptshell-Pdcore/C์™€ ์ƒ์šฉ Pt/C ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์†๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํก์ฐฉ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ €์ „์•• ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” Ptshell-Pdcore/C๊ฐ€ Pt/C๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” Ptshell-Pdcore/C๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์šฉ Pt/C๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ณ ์ „์•• ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” Ptshell-Pdcore/C์˜ ๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์šฉ Pt/C๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ „์•• ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ OHad์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ COad๊ณผ์˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด Ptshell-Pdcore/C ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์—์„œ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ OHad ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์†๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋” ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์†๋„ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ์˜ ํก์ฐฉ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํก์ฐฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. COad-์ œ๊ฑฐ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด Ptshell-Pdcore/C ์ด‰๋งค ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์—์„œ COad ํก์ฐฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด Ptshell-Pdcore/C ์ด‰๋งค ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์—์„œ์˜ COad ํƒˆ์ฐฉ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ „์••์ด Pt/C ์ด‰๋งค ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” Ptshell-Pdcore/C์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์›”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ OHad์— ์˜ํ•ด COad ํƒˆ์ฐฉ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ด‰์ง„๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์šฉ Pt/C ์ด‰๋งค๋Š” COad ํก์ฐฉ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ Ptshell-Pdcore/C ์ด‰๋งค์— ๋น„ํ•ด COad์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋… ๋ฐ ์ด‰๋งค์˜ ๋ถˆํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ „์ง€ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์ด‰๋งค์˜ ์ œ์ž‘์— ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์—†์ด ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์นด ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์— Pt์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ „์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ ์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” Pt ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ํƒ„์†Œ์™€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ „์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๊ทน ์ด‰๋งค๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋Œ€์Šต๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ „์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, Pt-SiO2/C ์ด‰๋งค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ง‰ ์ „๊ทน ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ์šฉ Pt/C๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ง‰ ์ „๊ทน ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์Šต๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” Pt-SiO2/C์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ง‰ ์ „๊ทน ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ์ด‰๋งค์ธต์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์นœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ SiO2์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์Šต๋„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋„ ์Šต๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค.High over-potential, induced by the irreversibility of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), causes low cell performance. In order to increase the kinetics of ORR, Ptshell-Pdcore/C electro-catalyst was synthesized with a consecutive procedureelectroless deposition (ELD) and galvanic displacement reaction. Cu ELD was applied to form Cu ad-layer on carbon-supported Pd catalyst, which was followed by the displacement of Cu by Pt. The spectroscopic methods, such as XRD and XPS were used to characterize as-prepared Ptshell-Pdcore/C catalyst. ICP mass analysis showed that the catalyst contained 7% and 15% of Pt and Pd in atomic weight, respectively. The core-shell structure was confirmed by the intense analysis with HR-TEM and STEM-HAADF, equipped with EDS. The three-electrode electrochemical analysis revealed that the four-electron oxygen reduction occurred on Ptshell-Pdcore/C with higher kinetic current than conventional Pt/C. The enhanced kinetic of ORR was closely related to the surface-binding property of Pt over-layer in Ptshell-Pdcore/C. The local density of state in d-band of Pt over-layer at adsorbate state was up-shifted compared to Pt/C with respect to the Fermi level. The d-band center, ฮตd of Ptshell-Pdcore/C was measured by XPS, higher than Pt/C by 0.33 eV. The high-lying ฮตd tended to bind OH less strongly, and consequently the oxygen-containing species (Pt-O) was hydrogenated and easily desorbed out of surface. Moreover, the mass-specific activity of Ptshell-Pdcore/C was about five times higher than Pt/C toward ORR. The method helped the synthesis of highly dispersed Pt-based electro-catalyst with small Pt content. Speaking of the anodic reaction in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), a type of PEMFC, stable and COad-tolerant anode catalyst has been in a great need. For the sense, Ptshell-Pdcore/C catalyst was applied for the MeOH oxidation reaction (MOR). Both Ptshell-Pdcore/C and Pt/C were active for the MOR, but showed different behavior according to the reaction potential. The apparent activation energy (Eapp) was calculated from the Arrhenius plots to compare the kinetics of MOR on both Ptshell-Pdcore/C and Pt/C. At lower potential, the Eapp of Ptshell-Pdcore/C was greater than the Eaยฌpp of Pt/C. The result indicated that Ptshell-Pdcore/C was less active in dissociating MeOH than Pt/C. At more positive potential region, however, Ptshell-Pdcore/C showed smaller Eapp than Pt/C. The decrease in Eapp in this region meant that the kinetic in the formation of OHad and in the combination reaction were improved by Ptshell-Pdcore/C. The enhanced kinetic of OHad formation on Ptshell-Pdcore/C critically contributed to the overall reaction with more extent, since the rate-determining step (RDS) in MOR was not the adsorption of MeOH, but rather the electro-oxidation of adsorbed species. The electrochemical oxidation of adsorbed CO on Ptshell-Pdcore/C and Pt/C was performed by COad-stripping experiment. On-set potential for COad desorption on Ptshell-Pdcore/C was more negative than on Pt/C, indicating that that OHad was more readily formed on Ptshell-Pdcore/C surface than on Pt/C. From the measured current density, it was concluded that the commercial Pt was more susceptible to adsorption of CO, leading to easy COad-poisoning and deactivation compared to Ptshell-Pdcore/C. The ultrasound was applied to fabricate the electro-catalyst for fuel cell. The direct deposition of Pt nanoparticles on the surface of SiO2 without surface modification was attempted by irradiating ultrasound (Pt-SiO2). This method enabled the formation of Pt nanoparticles with a narrow-sized distribution. The composites were blended with conducting carbon (Pt-SiO2/C), and applied as an anode catalyst for PEMFC. With various anode relative humidity, the membrane fabricated with Pt-SiO2/C exhibited a tolerance toward water-deficient condition showing sustainable performance, while the membrane with Pt/C degraded sharply. This was attributed to the hydrophilic property of SiO2, which retained the moderate hydration level in the membrane even under low humidity.Abstract List of Tables List of Figures Chapter I. Introduction 1-1. Fuel Cell Basics 1-2. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) 1-3. Electro-Catalyst in Bi-Metallic Systems for ORR 1-4. Electroless Deposition of Metal 1-5. Sonochemistry in Fuel Cell Chapter II. Experimental 2-1. Synthesis of Carbon-Supported Ptshell-Pdcore Nanoparticle 2-2. Sonochemical Synthesis of Pt-Deposited SiO2/C 2-3. Physical Characterization of Electro-Catalysts 2-4. Electrochemical Analysis of Electro-Catalysts 2-5. Single Cell Experiment Chapter III. Ptshell-Pdcore/C Electro-Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction 3-1. Preparation of Ptshell-Pdcore/C 3-2. Characterization of Ptshell-Pdcore/C 3-3. Catalytic Activity of Ptshell-Pdcore/C 3-3-1. Oxygen Reduction Reaction by Half-Cell Experiment 3-3-2. Single-Cell Experiment Chapter IV. Ptshell-Pdcore/C for Electro-Oxidation of Methanol 4-1. Catalytic Activity of Ptshell-Pdcore/C 4-1-1. Methanol Oxidation by Half-Cell Experiment 4-1-2. Carbon Monoxide Stripping Chapter V. Pt-Deposited SiO2/C Electro-Catalyst under Low Humidity 5-1. Preparation of Pt-Deposited SiO2/C 5-2. Characterization of Pt-Deposited SiO2/C 5-3. Electrochemical Performance of Pt-Deposited SiO2/C 5-4. Single-Cell Experiment with Various Relative Humidity Chapter VI. Conclusions Chapter VII. Future Work References Appendix A. Major Symbols Appendix B. Study on Li-ion Secondary Batteries ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก Curriculum VitaeDocto

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    ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ

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    ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ชป์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ผ์— ์ •์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ™์œผ๋กœ์˜ ํšŒ๊ท€๋Š” ์ด ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฐฑ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ™์€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์›๊ทผ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋Š”๊ฐ€. ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์˜ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์™€์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ํ™์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ. ์ ํ† ์—์„œ ์„๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ธŒ๋ก ์ฆˆ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ๊ทธ ์›์ดˆ์  ์งˆ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์— ์–ด๋–ค ํ•ด์„์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์‹ฌํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€

    A Study on Korean, Chinese, Japanese Implicit Theories of Indicative and Contraindicative Personality -By using Adjective Check List-Creative Personality Scale(ACL-CPS)-

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•”๋ฌต์  ์ด๋ก ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ, ์ค‘๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ACL-CPS์˜ ์™ธ์  ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ACL-CPS๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์š”์†Œ์ธ ์ฐฝ์˜์ โ€ง๋น„์ฐฝ์˜์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญโ€ง์ค‘๊ตญโ€ง์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์•”๋ฌต์  ์ด๋ก ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์•”๋ฌต์  ์ด๋ก ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ACL-CPS๋ฅผ ํ•œ๊ตญ, ์ค‘๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€, ์ฆ‰ ์™ธ์ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ACL-CPS๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐฝ์˜์ โ€ง๋น„์ฐฝ์˜์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ, ์ค‘๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์•”๋ฌต์  ์ด๋ก  ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์˜์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๋Š” ์žํ™”์ž์ฐฌ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฃผ์˜์ , ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ˆ™๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”, ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ, ์†๋ฌผ์˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ, ์ค‘๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋น„์ฐฝ์˜์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋น„์ฐฝ์˜์ ์œผ ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑํ–ฅ๋“ค์€ ํ•œโ€ง์ค‘โ€ง์ผ์—์„œ๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋น„์ฐฝ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ํ•œโ€ง์ค‘โ€ง์ผ ์‚ผ๊ตญ์˜ ์•”๋ฌต์  ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์€ ์ง€์ ์ธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๋น„์ฐฝ์˜์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ๋จธ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”, ๊ฒฉ์‹์„ ์ฐจ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ACL-CPS๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์„œ๊ตฌํ•™์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ•œ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ธ์‹๋˜์–ด์™”๋˜ ํ•œ ๊ตญ, ์ค‘๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ ์‚ผ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์•”๋ฌต์ ์ง€์‹์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. The goals of the study were, first, to validate ACL-CPS ecologically; second, to explore indicative and contraindicative items based on implicit knowledge of lay people in Korea, China, and Japan; The results are as follows. Firstly, ACL-CPS was not validated ecologically by using the method of implicit theories. Secondly, the Koreans, the Japanese, and Chinese considered egotistical , individualistic, reflective, sexy, snobbish as non-creative personality. However, people of three countries recognized all of the original contraindicative items as non-creative personality traits as the counterpart of American did. The Korean people considered intellectual items as non-creative personality, whereas the Chinese considered all of intellectual items as creative personality. The Japanese recognized humorous and informal as creative personality. The results showed that firstly, we need to consider ecological validity of test items developed by foreign countries. Secondly, Korea, Japan and China which had been considered to have common cultural heritage from Western scholars did have culturally diverse implicit knowledge on creativity, which strengthen the argument that concept of creativity is constructed based on its own culture
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