A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of the Influence of Nutritional Status of Digoxin in Hospitalized Korean Patients

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 약학과, 2014. 2. 신완균.Background: Safe and effective use of digoxin in the hospitalized populations requires information about the drugs pharmacokinetics and the influence of various factors on drugs disposition. However, no attempts were made to link an individuals digoxin requirements with nutritional status. Objectives: The main goal of this study is to estimate the population pharmacokinetics of digoxin and identify nutritional status that explains pharmacokinetic variability in hospitalized Korean patients. Methods: Routine therapeutic drug monitoring data from 106 patients who received oral digoxin at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were retrospectively collected. The pharmacokinetics of digoxin was analyzed with a one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model using Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling (NONMEM) and a multiple trough screen approach. Results: The effect of demographic characteristics, and biochemical and nutritional indices were explored. Estimates generated by NONMEM indicated that apparent clearance (CL/F) of digoxin was influenced by the renal function, serum potassium, age, and percent of ideal body weight (PIBW). These influences could be modeled by following equation CL/F (L/h) = 1.36 (CCR/50)1.580 K0.835 0.055 (AGE/65) (PIBW/100)0.403. The inter-individual variability (CV) for CL/F was 34.3% and the residual variability (SD) between observed and predicted concentrations was 0.225 g/L. The median estimates from a bootstrap procedure were comparable and within 5% of the estimates from NONMEM. Correlation analysis with the validation group showed a linear correlation between observed and predicted values. Discussion: The use of this model in routine TDM requires that certain conditions be met that are consistent with the conditions of the sub-populations in the present study. Therefore, the authors advocate further studies to elucidate the effects of various nutritional status on digoxin pharmacokinetics. Conclusion: The present study established important sources of variability in digoxin pharmacokinetics and showed the relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and nutritional status in hospitalized Korean patients.TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------ Ⅰ TABLE OF CONTENTS --------------------------------- Ⅴ LIST OF TABLES ------------------------------------ Ⅵ LIST OF FIGURES ------------------------------------ Ⅶ INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------- 1 METHODS ------------------------------------------ 4 RESULTS ------------------------------------------ 13 DISCUSSION ----------------------------------------- 17 CONCLUSION --------------------------------------- 25 TABLES ------------------------------------------- 27 FIGURES ------------------------------------------ 33 REFERENCES ---------------------------------------- 38 APPENDIX ------------------------------------------ 46 요약 (국문초록) --------------------------------------- 82Docto

A study on the influence factors on the experiences of using the childcare time system for government employees

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :행정대학원 행정학과(정책학전공),2019. 8. 금현섭.여성의 경제활동 참여와 맞벌이 가구가 증가하면서 육아기 자녀를 둔 부모는 근로권과 부모권의 양립이라는 과제를 안고 있다. 정부는 두 권리의 양립사이에서 발생하는 문제를 해결하고 궁극적으로 여성의 경력단절, 저출산 등의 사회적 문제를 극복하고자 다양한 일ㆍ가정양립제도를 시행하고 있다. 공직사회에서도 여성공무원과 맞벌이 공무원이 증가하면서 일하며 자녀를 양육할 수 있는 환경 조성의 필요성이 커지고 있다. 이에 정부는 그동안 시행해 온 출산휴가, 육아휴직, 유연근무제 등의 일ㆍ가정양립제도 외에 근로시간을 단축할 수 있는 육아시간제를 새로 시행하게 되었다. 육아시간제는 만 5세 이하 자녀를 둔 공무원이 최대 24개월 동안 급여의 삭감 없이 하루 최대 2시간 이내에서 단축근무를 할 수 있는 제도로, 시행된 지 채 1년이 되지 않았기에 제도 정착까지는 일정한 시간과 노력이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 육아시간제 사용에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하고, 이를 바탕으로 육아시간제의 원활한 사용을 위한 정책적 대안을 제시하였다. 육아시간제 사용에 미치는 영향요인을 분석하기 위해 중앙부처 공무원을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고, 수집된 자료는 STATA를 통해 분석하였다. 또한 설문을 보완하고 개인의 사례 및 제도 사용경험과 현장의 상황을 풍부히 이해하고자 인터뷰도 실시하였다. 분석결과, 업무적 요인인 업무의 상호의존성과 즉흥성은 육아시간제 사용경험에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 조직적 요인의 경우 과업지향적 문화와 비우호적 분위기의 세부지표 중 조직 내 제도 사용자가 드묾만 육아시간제 사용에 유의한 영향을 미치고, 비우호적 분위기의 세부지표 중 상사ㆍ동료의 눈치, 인사상 불이익, 동료에의 미안함은 유의하지 않았다. 제도적 요인의 경우 제도의 규정과 절차의 정비 지표 중 초과근무의 불인정만 유의한 영향을 미쳤고, 재량규정과 산정방식의 불합리함은 유의하지 않았다. 한편 질적연구에서는 각각의 요인들 모두 육아시간제 사용을 결정하는데 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 종합해보면 제도 대상자들이 육아시간제 사용에 있어 업무적, 조직적, 제도적 요인의 영향을 모두 인식하고 있으나, 제도의 사용을 결정함에 있어서는 조직적ㆍ제도적 측면의 장애를 제일 심각하게 받아들이고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 육아시간제 사용을 활성화하기 위한 몇 가지 방안을 제시하였다. 첫째, 육아시간제에 대한 안내와 조직 내 가정친화적 분위기를 조성해야 하고, 둘째, 육아시간제 사용자 확대를 위해 강제적 제도 사용을 위한 인사평가 등의 제도를 개선해야 하며, 셋째, 단축된 근무시간에 맞는 업무량이 주어져야 하고, 마지막으로 현실과 어긋나는 제도 규정을 개선해야 한다. 이를 통해 육아시간제가 잘 정착하여 많은 육아기 공무원의 부모권과 근로권이 조화롭게 보장받기를 바란다.With the participation of women in economic activities and the rise of double-income households, child-rearing parents are facing the task of the compatibility of working rights and parental rights. The government has implemented a variety of work-family compatibility systems to solve problems arising between the two rights and ultimately to overcome social problems such as female career discontinuation and low birth rates. In officialdom, the need to create an environment, where female and dual-income civil servants can work and foster children, has grown. In response, the government has introduced a new childcare time system that can shorten working hours in addition to work-family compatibility systems of maternity leave, paternity leave and flexible work system that has been implemented so far. The childcare time system is a system that has been in place for less than a year, and it requires a certain amount of time and effort to settle the system. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the factors affecting the use of childcare time system and based on this analyze the paper also aims to propose an alternative policy for the smooth use of childcare time system. In order to analyze the factors that have influence on the usage behavior of the childcare system, the central government employees are surveyed and the collected data are analyzed through STATA. Interviews are also conducted to supply the survey and to provide a good understanding of the interviewee`s case and experience. The analysis shows that task`s interdependence and spontaneity, which are work-related factors, do not significantly affect the experience of using childcare time. In the case of organizational factors, among indicators of task-oriented culture and unfriendly atmosphere, unusual institutional users in the organization has significant influence on the use of childcare time system, and among the indicators of unfriendly mood, the look of supervisors and coworkers, personnel disadvantage, and their sorriness to coworkers are not significant. In the case of institutional factors, only the disapproval of overtime has a significant effect on the maintenance indicators of the system's regulation and procedures, and discretionary regulation and the absurdity of calculation methods was is not significant. Qualitative studies have shown that each factor has an effect on determining the behavior of childcare time system use. Overall, people are aware of the effects of work-related factors or organizational and institutional factors in the use of childcare time system, but they take organizational and institutional obstacles the most seriously in determining the use of the system. Based on the results of this study, several measures have been proposed to promote the use of childcare time system. Firstly, guidance on the childcare time system and the family-friendly atmosphere within the organization should be fostered. Secondly, the system should be improved to expand the use of the childcare system by connecting and evaluating the usage, Thirdly, the workload should be given according to the shortened working hours and finally, the system regulations that go against reality should be improved. It is hoped that the childcare time system will be well established and that many civil servants' parenting and working rights will be guaranteed during the childcare period.제 1 장 서론 1 제 1 절 연구의 배경 및 목적 1 제 2 장 이론적 논의 및 선행연구 검토 4 제 1 절 일·가정양립의 개념 및 제도현황 4 1. 일·가정양립의 개념 4 2. 일·가정양립제도 현황 5 제 2 절 육아휴직, 유연근무제, 육아시간제 간의 관계 14 제 3 절 일·가정양립제도 사용에 미치는 영향요인 18 1. 개인적 요인 21 2. 업무적 요인 22 3. 조직적 요인 23 4. 제도적 요인 24 제 3 장 연구설계 26 제 1 절 연구문제 및 연구가설 26 1. 연구문제 26 2. 연구가설 26 제 2 절 연구모형 29 1. 연구의 개념적 분석틀 29 2. 변수설정 30 제 3 절 자료수집 및 분석 34 1. 양적연구 34 2. 질적연구 35 제 4 장 연구결과 38 제 1 절 기술통계분석 38 1. 종속변수 38 2. 독립변수 39 3. 통제변수 42 제 2 절 변수에 따른 종속변수의 차이 분석 44 1. 업무적 요인 44 2. 조직적 요인 45 3. 제도적 요인 47 4. 인구통계학적 요인 및 개인적 요인 48 제 3 절 육아시간제 사용경험에 따른 인식차이 분석 50 제 4 절 변수들 간의 상관관계 분석 53 제 5 절 회귀분석 및 가설검증 55 1. 업무적 요인 55 2. 조직적 요인 57 3. 제도적 요인 62 4. 종합 해석 65 제 5 장 결론 69 제 1 절 연구결과 요약 69 제 2 절 정책적 시사점 71 제 3 절 연구의 의의와 한계 73 참고문헌 75 설문지 80 인터뷰 질문지 87 Abstract 88Maste

후각 센서 모델로서 인지질 LB 막이 누적된 QCM에 대한 냄새 물질의 흡탈착 특성 연구

학위논문(석사) - 한국과학기술원 : 화학공학과, 1995.2, [ ix, 78 p. ]The adsorption-desorption characteristics of some gases on different lipid LB film-coated QCM were examined in addition to the monolayer behaviors and LB film transfer of some phospholipids. From those results the basic olfactory sensing system using a pattern recognition method has been proposed. The multilayers of lipid LB films were deposited on 9 MHz QCMby using $Ba^{2+}$ salt at high pH condition in case of DPPA or by mixing the lipids with film deposition promoter such as Octadecylamin or DPPA. The adsorption-desorption characteristics of gases on lipid films on QCM were defined by some working parameters from the sensor response curves. The standard gas was generated by bubbling the liquid with $N_2$ gas. Because of the nonspecific physisorption of chemical vapors on lipids film, the adsorption and desorption responses of gases were highly reproducible. It was also observed that the output signals of QCM were varied with the number of LB film layers. To identify the odorants, a multi(four or six)-channel sensor in which the channels were coated with different mixed lipid films was constructed. With these data we constructed circular profile patterns and two channel plots and some materials are clustered. In the two channel plot, the proper coating material could be selected by observing the clustering within confidence level. Using the SOFM neural network system, nine kinds of different chemical vapors and three different mixtures of methanol-butanol were identified within 90-95% accuracy.한국과학기술원 : 화학공학과

액정을 이용한 광굴절 재료의 제조와 특성에 관한 연구

학위논문(박사) - 한국과학기술원 : 화학공학과, 1999.2, [ xiv, 149 p. ]In this study, several designs of photorefractive composites containing liquid crystals are presented, and their photorefractive characteristics are examined by the wave-mixing experiments. Chapter 3 is descriptive of the photorefractive composite containing liquid crystals, photoconducting polymer, and charge generator molecules. In Chapter 4, various types of layer-structured photorefractive composite containing liquid crystal are introduced and discussed. In Chapter 5, the novel method for the investigation of the holographic grating formation characteristics is introduced. First, the wave-mixing characteristics in photorefractive polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC), which contains a photoconducting polymer, low molecular liquid crystal and a photoconductive sensitizer, was examined as a novel type of photorefractive material. Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) was used as a photoconducting polymer, 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone (TNF) as a photoconductive sensitizer, and E7 as a low molecular liquid crystal. The weight ratio of these three components in the tested sample was 10.75:0.2:89.15 (E7:TNF:PVK). Photorefractivity was demonstrated by the two-beam-coupling experiments in an external dc field. In order to test the composite as a photorefractive material, the photoresponse sensitivity was measured and two-beam coupling coefficient was calculated, as variations were given in the grating spacing, sample tilt angle, and applied voltage. This composite material showed comparable photoresponse sensitivity (with no external voltage) with general polymers, and a purely refractive-index grating ($\Delta n \sim 4.65 \times 10^{-5}$) was generated by irradiation of a interference light (laser diode, λ = 650 nm). The gain coefficient was saturated at a relatively low voltage of approximately 1.25 V/㎛, and the value was $7.07 cm^{-1}$ when the grating spacing was 3.54㎛. In the second section of this thesis, several different designs of layer-structured photorefr...한국과학기술원 : 화학공학과