54 research outputs found
A study on Safe Operating Conditions of the Double Effect Desalination System
Global resources of freshwater are scarce, unevenly distributed and, in many cases, may require some form of treatment and handing. There are many types of desalination systems multi-effect desalination(MED), multi-stage flash desalination(MSF), reverse osmosis desalination(RO) and electro-dialysis(ED). Each type of desalination is limited and different according to surroundings, environments and conditions. With advanced technologies in scale control and material selection, Multi-effect is now playing a major role in seawater desalination systems. Multi-effect is inherently superior in economy, low specific electricity consumption, and embraces the possibilities of using lower grade materials to a better effect.
In the present paper, safe operating conditions of the duel effect desalination system were examined by varying the temperatures of the hot water and the feed water. The duel effect desalination system was made by modifying a fresh water generator used in the ship. Pressures and temperatures were kept at a steady state. The effect of the feed water and hot water temperatures on fresh water generating rates were explained. The overall heat transfer rates of heat exchangers were reduced from raw data and the effect of inlet conditions on the overall heat transfer rates were described.Abstract
์ฌ์ฉ๊ธฐํธ
ํ๋ชฉ์ฐจ
๊ทธ๋ฆผ๋ชฉ์ฐจ
์ 1 ์ฅ ์ ๋ก 1
1.1 ๋ด์์ ํ์์ฑ 1
1.2 ๋ด์ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 3
1.3 ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ 5
์ 2 ์ฅ ์คํ์ฅ์น ๋ฐ ์คํ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 8
2.1 ์คํ์ฅ์น 8
2.1.1 ์ฃผ์๋ถ ์ฅ์น 8
2.1.2 ์คํ์ฅ์น ๋ฐ ๋ถ๋์์ค 13
2.1.3 ์ธก์ ์ฅ๋น 17
2.2 ์คํ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 21
์ 3 ์ฅ ์คํ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 24
3.1 ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 24
3.1.1 ์ด์ญํ์ ํด์ 24
3.1.2 ํ๋์ฑ ํ์ 27
3.1.3 ์ด๊ด๋ฅ์จ 30
3.2 ๋ด์์ฅ์น์ ์คํ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 31
3.2.1 ์์ ํ ์๋์ํ์ ๋ถ์์ ํ ์๋์ํ 31
3.2.2 ๊ณต๊ธ์ ์จ๋๋ณํ ์คํ 31
3.2.3 ๊ฐ์ด์จ์ ์จ๋๋ณํ ์คํ 32
์ 4 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 43
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 4
NBTI ์ FN ์คํธ๋ ์ค์ ์ํ Si/SiO2 ๊ณ๋ฉด ํธ๋ฉ์ ์์ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ณต์์ ๋ํ ํตํฉ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง
Understanding and modeling of the device degradations under gate stress such as the NBTI and FN stress are important for the reliability optimization of the logic device, the memory cell and its driver circuits. In the FN stress regime, the device is degraded by the anode hole injection (AHI) mechanism, where the interface traps as well as the oxide traps are generated by the hot holes. In case of the NBTI, the physical understanding and modeling of the relaxation phase have been relatively well studied even though there are controversies in the modeling of the surface reaction between the hydrogen and Si dangling bond. Also, some authors suggest that the underlying physics on the interface trap generation of NBTI and FN may be same while others not.
In this context, we conduct a comparison study on the recovery of the interface traps in the relaxation phases after the FN and NBTI stress using both the experiments and the numerical simulation. In this way, the physical insight and modeling on the surface reaction can be obtained which will lead us to the practical reliability prediction about the degradation on threshold voltage (Vth), drain current (Id) and subthreshold swing (SS), etc.
For the comparison study of the NBTI and FN stress, the existing models on the interface trap generation under the NBTI and FN stress are reviewed. From the literature, one can find that the generation and recovery models of the interface trap are highly controversial under the NBTI and FN conditions. In order to resolve the controversies and propose the unified model for the NBTI and FN stress, the experiments on the relaxation phases under both stress conditions are conducted. For the first time, we find the universality in the FN relaxation phase as same as the case of NBTI. The universality of the FN and NBTI stress infers that the underlying physics is similar between the NBTI and FN stress and thus the unification of the NBTI and FN model is possible.
The conventional model of the NBTI relaxation, the reaction diffusion model, cannot completely explain our experimental results. In this dissertation, we developed a new simulation method to improve the conventional reaction diffusion model in its 1-dimentional analytic form. By adopting the Monte-Carlo particle method, we describe the Brownian motion of the hydrogen particle in the 3-dimentional space. After applying the Monte-Carlo method to the reaction diffusion model, the simulation results well explain the experimental parameters. Moreover, from the simulation study, the effects of the (hydrogen) capture cross-section of the unsaturated Si bond at the interface and the density of Si-H bond on the NBTI characteristics are investigated for the first time. The simulation framework proposed in this dissertation is expected to be useful in predicting the measurement results of both the NBTI and FN stress.MOSFET ์์์ ๊ฒ์ดํธ์ ๊ฐํด์ง๋ ์คํธ๋ ์ค์ธ NBTI์ FN ํ์์ ์ดํดํ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ก์ง ์์๋ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์
๊ณผ ๊ทธ driver ํ๋ก์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ ์ดํ ํ์์ ์ดํดํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ด์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ๋ค. FN ์คํธ๋ ์ค ์์ญ์์๋ Anode Hole Injection (AHI) ํ์์ ํตํด ๊ณ๋ฉดํธ๋ฉ๊ณผ ์ฐํ๋ง ํธ๋ฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํด ์์๊ฐ ์ดํ๊ฐ ๋๋ค. NBTI ์์ญ์์๋ ๊ทธ ์์ธ์ด ๋๋ Si-H ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ํด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ด์ ์๋ฐ๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด ์์ง๊น์ง๋ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ํ NBTI์ FN์ ์ํด์ ๊ณ๋ฉด ํธ๋ฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ด ๋์ผํ์ง์ ๋ํด์๋ ์๋ฐ๋ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ด ์กด์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์์, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ FN๊ณผ NBTI ํ์์ ๋น๊ตํ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์งํํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋น๊ต๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ์์์ ๋ฌธํฑ์ ์๊ฐ, ๋๋ ์ธ ์ ๋ฅ, Subthreshold swing์ ์ดํ๋ฅผ ์์ธกํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ํต์ฐฐ์ ์ป์ ์ ์๊ณ ํ๋ฉด ๋ฐ์์ ๋ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
FN๊ณผ NBTI ๋น๊ต ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ ํ์์ ํด์ ๋จ๊ณ(relaxation phase)์ ๋ํ ๋น๊ต ์ธก์ ์ ์ํํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์คํธ๋ ์ค ๋จ๊ณ(stress phase)์์๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ค๋ฅด์ง๋ง ํด์ ๋จ๊ณ์์๋ ๋ฐ์ด์ด์ค ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ ๋ค ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ธก์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ NBTI์์ ์๋ ค์ง ๋ณดํธ์ (universal) ํด์ ํน์ฑ์ด FN ํด์ ๋จ๊ณ์๋ ๋์ผํ๊ฒ ์ ์ฉํ ์ ์์์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค.
๊ธฐ์กด์ NBTI ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ ๋ฐ์-ํ์ฐ(RD) ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ํตํด ์ดํด ๋ณด์์ ๋์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ณดํธ์ ํด์ ํน์ฑ์ด ์ฑ๋ฆฝํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ FN๊ณผ NBTI ๋ชจ๋ ์์๊ฐ ์ฐํ๋ง์์ ํ์ฐํจ์ ์ํด ์ ํ๋๋ ๋ฐ์์์ ์ดํด๋ณผ ์๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ํด์ ๋จ๊ณ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ฐ์-ํ์ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ํตํด ์์ธกํ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ์ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๋๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์์ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ํด์์ ๋ชจ์์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ๋ฐ์-ํ์ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ ์ ์๋ ์๋ก์ด ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ์ํ์ฌMonte-Carlo ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์์ ์
์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ธ๋ผ์ด ์ด๋ (Brownian motion)์ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ค๋ฃจ์๊ณ Si-H ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ํด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์ ๋ํ Monte-Carlo ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ํ๋ฅ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌํ ์ ์๋ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๊ตฌ์ถํ์๋ค. Monte-Carlo ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์ธก์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ ์ค๋ช
ํ ์ ์๋ ์์ญ ๋ด์ ์์์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ capture cross-section๊ณผ Si-H ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ๋๋ ๋ํ ํด์ ๋จ๊ณ์ ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ์ ์ค์ํ ์ํฅ์ ์ค๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ๋ผ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์์ ํ์ฐ-๋ฐ์ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ดํฐ๋ ์ฐจ์ธ๋ ์์์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ ์ดํ์ ๋ํ ํต๊ณ์ ๋ถ์์ ํ๋๋ฐ ์์ด์ ์ค์ํ๊ฒ ์ฐ์ผ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1_x000D_
1.1 Motivation 1_x000D_
1.2 Unified Reliability Modeling 4_x000D_
1.2.1 Cause of the trap 4_x000D_
1.2.2 Effect of the trap 6_x000D_
1.3 Interface Trap Generation under NBTI and FN stress 8_x000D_
1.3.1 FN stress 8_x000D_
1.3.2 NBTI stress 10_x000D_
1.3.3 Common View of NBTI and FN stress 11_x000D_
1.4 Outline of the Dissertation 12_x000D_
Chapter 2. Degradation Models of the NBTI and FN stress 14_x000D_
2.1 NBTI model 16_x000D_
2.1.1 RD model 17_x000D_
2.1.2 Well based model 21_x000D_
2.2 FN model 22_x000D_
Chapter 3. Comparison experiments for NBTI and FN in the relaxation phase 24_x000D_
3.1 Measurement Method for Relaxation Phase 24_x000D_
3.1.1 Conventional NBTI and FN Measurement 24_x000D_
3.1.2 Subthreshold Measurement for Relaxation Phase 28_x000D_
3.2 Measurement Setup 31_x000D_
3.2.1 Specification of the Device under Test (DUT) 31_x000D_
3.2.2 Reliability Measurement Setup 31_x000D_
3.3 Measurement Result 32_x000D_
3.4 Data fitting using Universal Recovery Characteristics 40_x000D_
Chapter 4. Universal Recovery Characteristics based on the RD model framework 52_x000D_
4.1 Physical modeling on the relaxation phase 52_x000D_
4.1.1 Universal Recovery based on the RD model framework 53_x000D_
4.1.2 Universal Recovery based on the RDD model framework 55_x000D_
4.2 Discussion on the model parameters 56_x000D_
4.2.1 Evaluation of relaxation models 56_x000D_
4.2.2 Comparison of the FN and NBTI relaxation 58_x000D_
Chapter 5. Unified Model of the NBTI and FN Stress Based on the 3D MC Simulation 63_x000D_
5.1 Monte-Carlo based Trap Simulation 63_x000D_
5.2 Simulation Results 71_x000D_
Chapter 6. Hole Tunneling Model for Si-H Dissociation 79_x000D_
6.1 Theoretical Model on Reaction Constant 80_x000D_
6.2 Hole Profile of Inversion Layer 83_x000D_
6.3 Simulation Results and Discussions 85_x000D_
Chapter 7. Conclusions 91_x000D_
7.1 Summary 91_x000D_
7.2 Future Works 92_x000D_
References 94_x000D_
_x000D_Docto
Design and Evaluation of Service Oriented Architecture using Enneagram in Smart Home Context
In the smart home environment designed for many users, not only a single context, but also multi-context simultaneously exists, which continues to generate and perish with the passage of time. Therefore, this paper has designed a Service Oriented Architecture based MVC and composed a smart home scenario on the basis of the Enneagram principle, which can aware of conflict resolution between the RRC(Resource, Role, Context) and also which is able to respond effectively according to the scope of domain.
The Enneagram, which provides a theoretical idea for designing the Service Oriented Architecture demanded under a smart home context, is able to provide an excellent prototype that well describes the relationship between the entirety and rotational process of an event. It is described in the Monad(0), Triad(9-3-6), and Heptad(7-1-4-2-8-5-7). These make contribution to the whole event, and Enneagram organizes these principles into a diagram. The Service Oriented Architecture suggested in this paper has been designed by taking into consideration the UPnP, OSGi, and SOA Tool Platform for eclipse platform. A service provider manages related kinds of services on an integrative basis from various sensors, puts each service in a WSDL/SOAP message, and registers them to the UDDI server of service mediator. Under the environment of an OSGi service platform, various context-aware services are dynamically being mapped from various sensorsand bundled services are available.
By applying the modified ATAM, which is the service evaluation methodology for scenario-based architecture, this paper has made a utility tree from a business objective, designed the scenario for system quality, and thus providing a systematic approach to quality element. Therefore, if transaction throughput is 546 TPS and system availability is 98% and resuability COTS is 35%, then service requester satisfaction is 85.1% in maximum value set, so and if data latency is 2000 ms and system reliability is 1 Min and modify COTS is 1 Man/Day , then service requester satisfaction is 70.1% in minimun value set from ATAM while remaining stable other condition. Also this paper provides a useful idea for plug-in architecture modeling and for an eclipse-based OHP, which has adopted the HL7 and IHE standard by domain size or by stakeholder in the U-Healthcare field.existing services are changingnew services are being offered for the asking of users์ 1 ์ฅ ์๋ก = 1
1.1 ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ = 1
1.2 ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ ๋ด์ฉ = 3
์ 2 ์ฅ ๊ด๋ จ์ฐ๊ตฌ = 7
2.1 ์๋์ด๊ทธ๋จ๊ณผ ํผ์ง์ ๋ณด์ด๋ก = 7
2.2 ์ ์ฌ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ = 16
2.3 ์๋น์ค ์๋ช
์ฃผ๊ธฐ = 24
2.4 ์๋น์ค์งํฅ ์ํคํ
์ณ = 38
์ 3 ์ฅ ์๋น์ค์งํฅ ์ํคํ
์ณ์ ์ค๊ณ = 51
3.1 ์๋น์ค์งํฅ ์ํคํ
์ณ์ ๋ถ์ = 51
3.2 ์๋น์ค์งํฅ ์ํคํ
์ณ์ ํ์ง์์ฑ = 55
3.3 ์๋์ด๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ด์ฉํ ์๋น์ค์งํฅ ์ํคํ
์ณ์ ์ค๊ณ = 61
3.4 ์ค๋งํธํ ์ปจํ
์คํธ ์๋๋ฆฌ์ค ์ค๊ณ = 73
์ 4 ์ฅ ์๋น์ค์งํฅ ์ํคํ
์ณ์ ํ๊ฐ = 81
4.1 ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก = 81
4.2 ์กฐ์ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ = 83
4.3 ์ํ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๊ณ = 86
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก = 94
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ = 95
๋ถ๋ก = 99
1. ์ค๋งํธํ์ ๊ฐ์ = 99
2. ์ค๋งํธํ ์ปจํ
์คํธ ์ธ์ถ๋ชจ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ชจ = 103
3. ATAM ํ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ๊ฐ์ = 107
์ ์๋ SOA ์์ฝ๋ฌธ = 114
๊ฐ์ฌ์ ๋ง์ = 11
Effect of fluoride varnish on early dental caries
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ๅนผๅ ๅฃ่ ๅฅๅบทๅฏฆๆ ์ ้ํ ่ชฟๆป็ก็ฉถ
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์น๊ธฐ๋ฐ ํ๊ตญ์ด๊ต์ก ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์๋ฆฌ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
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(The)DONGLE gene encodes a phospholipase A1 involved in the initial step of jasmonin acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana
Thesis(master`s)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์๋ช
๊ณผํ๋ถ,2006.Maste
Syntheses of 3`-Acetamido-and 3`-Mercaptoadenosine derivatives as potential Aโ Adenosine receptor agonist
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ฝํ๊ณผ,2008.2.Docto
An Analysis of the Educational Relationship in the Novel DongโUiโBoโGam
์์ค ๋์๋ณด๊ฐ์ ํ์ํ์ ์ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ ์ํ, ํ์ค, ์ ๋์ง ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ ๊ฐ๋ฑ๊ณผ ํฌ๋น๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ธํ๊ณ ๋ฐ์ง๊ฐ ์๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ด๊ณ ์๋ค. ํนํ ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ค์น์ผ๋ก ๋ชจ์ ํ์ค๊ณผ ์ ๋์ง๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ ์ตํ๋ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ฌ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์์ค์ ์ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ก์ ๊ด์ ์์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ์ฌ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ต์ก์ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์ด๋ค ์ํ๋ก ์ ๊ฐ๋๋์ง๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ณด์ ๋ค. ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ก ๊ต์ก์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ํ์ฑ, ์ ์ง, ์ข
๊ฒฐ์ ํ์ํ ์๊ฑด์ ๋์ถํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์ ๋น์ถ์ด ์์ค์ ๋ด์ฉ์ ํด์ํ ์๋ค. ๊ต์ก์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์๋ณํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฅ์ํธ์ ๊ต์ก๋ณธ์๋ก ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ถ์ํ๋ก ์ผ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ค ํ
์คํธ์ ๋ถ์์ ์ํด์ ํด์ํ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์๊ฑฐํ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ ์ํ์ ํ์ค์ ๊ต์ก์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์๊ฑด์ ๋ถํฉํ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ์ ์ํ์ ์ ๋์ง์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ์ง ๋ชปํ์์์ ์๋ณํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์์ค ๋์๋ณด๊ฐ์ ๋๋น์ ์ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋๋ ์ค์น-์ ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃจ๋ ๋ฌธํ์ํ์ ๋ชจํฐํ๋ฅผ ์ฌํํด์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ์์ค ๋์๋ณด๊ฐ์ ํตํด ๊ต์ฌ-ํ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ๊ต์ก์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๋ ๋ฐ ํ์ํ ์๊ฑด์ด ๋ฌด์์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ํ๊ต๋ฅผ ๋น๋กฏํ ์ํ๊ณต๊ฐ์์ ์งํ๋๋ ๊ต์ก์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ ์์ฌ์ ์ ์ ๊ณตํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ค
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