7 research outputs found
A Study of the Janggun System in Silla
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ธ๋ฌธ๋ํ ๊ตญ์ฌํ๊ณผ,2020. 2. ๊ถ์ค์.In the ancient Northeast Asian society, the Janggun(ๅฐ่ป) was one of the most widely recognized titles that indicated a general who commands military power to conduct wars. In Silla(ๆฐ็พ
), the post of Janggun was a formal component of the public office and was often considered a permanent position. The fact that all the Jeong(ๅ) that had been established before the unification of Silla, among the military organizations with Jangguns that appear in the Jikgwan-Ji(่ทๅฎๅฟ) of the Samguk Sagi(ไธๅๅฒ่จ: the Chronicles of the Three States), were considered to be permanent and region-wide military organizations supports this statement. In Silla, however, the Jeong was not a military organization consisting of the command and troops but was a term that was used to describe a military base. After improving its centralized governmental system, the royal court of Silla organized the army, which consisted of the military forces from the capital stationed at the Jeong constructed at the seat of the military governor of each Ju(ๅท), that is, the Gunju(่ปไธป), as well as regional troops mobilized by influential individuals in the area, at wartime. This army was commanded by the Janggun appointed by the royal court.
The rules for appointment of Janggun post stipulated that the appointee should be a member of the Jingol(็้ชจ) nobility and one of the officials from the Sangdang(ไธๅ ) to Sangsin(ไธ่ฃ). This post was unique in its form and was different from other public posts, and showed that the Janggun was a temporary post and that the right person, who was a Jingol, held the position of at least vice minister or higher ranking offices and had the abilities to resolve the crisis, could be appointed in the time of emergency. During the war for unifying the three kingdoms in the late seventh century, the title (Haenggun)Chongwan[(่ก่ป)ๆ ็ฎก] was used along with Janggun to describe the commanders of the Silla army. This could be understood as a temporary countermeasure to enable the qualification thresholds of military commanders to become lower than the regulations for appointing Jangguns, on account of the increasing demand for military commanders. This was also a measure taken to facilitate the relations with the Tang(ๅ) army, which used the title of HaenggunChonggwan(่ก่ป็ธฝ็ฎก).
Before the Janggun was first introduced into Sillas public office, the first individual who exercised military command was the monarch. As the commander-in-chief, the monarch frequently took the field at wartime to prove their competence in the early stages of Silla. However, as the purpose of war changed, and as the possibility of physical damage increased, the monarchs rarely began to participate in the battles. Historical records from the early ancient period show that individuals from various positions participated in wars alongside the high-ranking personnel with military duties. That is, the monarch monopolized the military command authority and was further able to delegate and withdraw the power flexibly depending on the situation. The Left and Right Gunju(ๅทฆยทๅณ่ปไธป) were instated as the first public posts that have command over the military in the second year of the reign of Beolhyu Isageum(ไผไผๅฐผๅธซไป). These posts, however, were not incorporated into the public office system because the issue of who would have the command at peacetime came under debate. While the post of the DaeJanggun(ๅคงๅฐ่ป) did appear in the second year of the reign of Jobun Isageum(ๅฉ่ณๅฐผๅธซไป), it held little significance, other than the fact that it was the first time a Janggun post was instated.
The institutional origin of the Janggun post could be traced back to the Left and Right Janggun(ๅทฆยทๅณๅฐ่ป) instated in the sixteenth year of the reign of Jabi Maripgan(ๆ
ๆฒ้บป็ซๅนฒ) (473). Interestingly, there was a 50 years gap until the post of Janggun reappeared in records in the mid-sixth century. Previous studies have speculated that the Gunju took initiatives during this period by engaging in wars and leading the way to the expansion of Silla. It is, however, difficult to find evidence of such actions in historical records. Instead, research suggests the Gaya(ๅ ่ถ) region and the area near the Han River(ๆผขๆฑ) were annexed by Jangguns appointed from the royal court. A large military force was needed to breach the defensive system of each kingdom that was fortified by many fortresses, and the Silla court mobilized its military capacity from every field and appointed high-ranking officials as military commanders. The Janggun post was a continuation of the ancient tradition in that the commanding power was delegated and could be withdrawn. At the same time, the Janggun was a new post instated in response to the improvements made into Sillas governmental system and the changes in warfare as Silla transitioned into the middle-ancient period.
The military command authority the monarch delegated to the Janggun during wartime was an exclusive authority with a comprehensive control. Before attacking Sabi Fortress(ๆณๆฒๅ) in 660, Kim Yu-shin(้ๅบพไฟก) was willing to face military collision with Su Dingfang(่ๅฎๆน) to protect the military command authority vested in him by King Muyeol(ๆญฆ็็). When the Tang court treated him as a subject and a feudal lord to China, King Munmu(ๆๆญฆ็) appointed the supreme commander of the Silla army as the DaeChonggwan(ๅคงๆ ็ฎก), which was a position used in the Tang army, to show that his status was commensurate to that of the Tang emperor.
The exclusiveness of the military command authority was visualized through symbols and related rituals. The ax Kim Yu-shin held when confronting Su Dingfang was supposedly a symbol from his monarch, King Muyeol, upon Kim Yu-shins appointment as Janggun, thereby serving a similar function as the banner[ๆ็ฏ] used during the Tang dynasty or the ceremonial sword[็ฏๅ] used in ancient Japan. Axes were commonly used to signify ones military command authority until the Warring States Period in China. It shows how the Janggun post in Silla until the end of the seventh century was related to the systems of the early dynasties in China while having unique characteristics.
The military command authority was delegated and withdrawn through a specific ceremony. Directly after the fall of Goguryeo(้ซๅฅ้บ), King Munmu paid his respects at the ancestral shrines of former kings and announced his victory, a ritual which would have been mandatory for Jangguns by law. Visits to ancestral shrines before going into war and returning from the battlefield first became rituals in the Former Han(ๅๆผข) dynasty. The Silla court would have been aware of this rite as they accepted Confucianism in the sixth century. It is, therefore, likely that there were ceremonies held at ancestral shrines in Silla where Jangguns were newly appointed and were given the authority to command the military.
The military command authority, also called Pyeoneuijongsagwon(ไพฟๅฎๅพไบๆฌ: the authority to take actions), granted the commander with authority to control the action of the members of the military organization by giving out punishments and rewards. This authority, however, did not imply that the commander could execute any arbitrary decisions. An official set of military commands, called Seo(่ช), was promulgated in Silla before the war was declared and became the standards for punishments and rewards and the will of execution based on the standards. The Seo stipulated that soldiers would be either rewarded or punished if they succeed or fail to attain the assigned goal and that the rules were binding to everyone during wartime, at such a degree that even the emperor was not free from censure if they were to reverse their position.
In regards to punishments, the wartime law of punishing passive soldiers with death is timeless and universal. This phenomenon could be traced back to the fact that disobeying orders of a military commander was unforgivable and that no punishment could be heavier than the death sentence. There was more discretion for rewards, but rewards also had to be granted by following a particular protocol. A comparison of the historical records on the rewards given directly after the fall of Goguryeo with the provisions of the Gunbangryeong(่ป้ฒไปค: military laws) of ancient Japan shows that Silla had various administrative procedures for rewarding military victories. In Silla, one governmental post was held by multiple official ranks, and promotions or demotions in the official ranks could lead to changes in the hierarchy and duties within the same government office. The dispute surrounding rewards described in Yeol-gi(่ฃ่ตท) shows that rewards given by the military law could not be exceptions to the official ranks.
The governmental post that has been confirmed to have exercised military functions, including the military command authority, aside from the Janggun, was the Gunju. Previous studies have equated the Janggun with Gunju. However, the Janggun post, which was assumed by government officials, should be distinguished from that of the Gunju, who oversaw the governance and the military aspects of specific regions and was a governmental post of a different level. A Janggun could go into war only after the royal court made the decision and had a relatively higher level of freedom to which region he held battles or in what scales. The Gunju, on the other hand, could only engage in battles for defending his jurisdictional boundaries or retrieving lost lands.
The Janggun was also able to mobilize troops under another chain of command using his military command authority, while the Gunju had limited competences, such that he needed to ask permission from the royal court to move the troops within his jurisdiction. The Janggun was also in charge of various war-related tasks aside engaging in warfare, such as diplomatic negotiations, or controlling the occupied territories. This may be why the law stipulated that only the officials of the central government who held the position higher than vice minister could be appointed Janggun since the Janggun was required to play such roles. The Gunju, on the other hand, made routine checks of his troops and munitions in peacetime and, at times, maintained law and order by arresting thieves. The Janggun was thus able to utilize the military power of a selected area after being appointed to the post, based on the military capacity maintained by the Gunju of the region in peacetime.
As the scale of mobilized troops increased after the mid-sixth century, the command was also systemized for the efficient management of military power. Historical records on wars show that the Silla army had the posts of DaeJanggun, Janggun, and BuJanggun(ๅฏๅฐ่ป). The command of a single military organization, first of all, consisted of the (Jeong)Janggun[(ๆญฃ)ๅฐ่ป] and a BuJanggun that assists him. Rules found in ancient Japan's YangroGunbangryeong(้ค่่ป้ฒไปค), along with the passages from the tablet found in the Royal Tomb of King Heungdeok(่ๅพท็), show that this structure had been stipulated in Silla before the end of the seventh century and until the ninth century. Moreover, as more military organizations began to be mobilized, the DaeJanggun assumed a higher command of each command group and took a comprehensive control over the military power. The posts of DaeJanggun, (Jeong)Janggun, and BuJanggun were distinguished by the hierarchy and duties among the people appointed as Janggun; it is speculated that government officials with the rank of Yichan(ไผ้ฃก: 2nd rate) or higher could be appointed as DaeJanggun whereas officials with the rank of Sachan(ๆฒ้ฃก: 7th rate) or higher could be appointed as (Jeong)Janggun.
A new type of Janggun that differed from the Janggun appointed for warfare appeared at the end of the seventh century. The SiwuibuJanggun(ไพ่กๅบๅฐ่ป), a new and permanent post instated in the fifth year of the reign of King Sinmun(็ฅๆ็) (685), was the minister of the Siwibu(ไพ่กๅบ), which was a permanent organization that functioned as the royal guard. This marked the first change in the Janggun post. Considering that the Nine-Seodang(ไน่ชๅนข), consisting of Silla people and people from other ethnic groups, were permanent organizations that reinforced the authority of the monarch, the Janggun post at the Nine-Seodang would also have been permanent.
The Janggun post was managed based on the existing principle in wartime, even after the eighth century, during Sillas military expedition to Balhae(ๆธคๆตท). However, there were also cases in which the title of Janggun was vested in an individual. It is likely that the title HyogiJanggun(้ฉ้จๅฐ่ป), which could be found in the tablet from the Royal Tomb of King Heungdeok, was used to indicate the commander of the palace guards. Nevertheless, it is more likely that the title, in this case, did not signify a governmental post but was a permanent title for someone who had been commanding the private military power of a victor in a dispute over succession in the late Silla period, and was assigned to the palace guards in the aftermath.
The new title of PyeongdongJanggun(ๅนณๆฑๅฐ่ป) first appeared as King Sinmu(็ฅๆญฆ็) acceded to the throne. It was created by Kim Woo-jing(้็ฅๅพต), who had been dependent on Jang Bo-go(ๅผตไฟ็)s military power, in order to make Kim Yang(้้ฝ) a Janggun. This new post, however, created a rift in the status of the Janggun post, which had wielded the same authority as the monarch during wartime. The title of JinhaeJanggun(้ญๆตทๅฐ่ป), which was given to Jang Bo-go, who was not a Jingol, was a permanent title that officially recognized his military command authority over the Cheonghae-Jin(ๆทธๆตท้ญ) and a reflection of the changes in the Janggun title. While the Janggun post cannot be found in the public office of Silla afterward, prominent figures of each region declared themselves to be Jangguns because they were aware of the fact that it was a governmental post with military command authority. The decision to appoint military officers of the central government as DaeJanggun and to command the regional Jangguns in the early Goryeo(้ซ้บ) dynasty was also an outcome that reflected the operating principles of the Janggun system in Silla.๊ณ ๋ ๋๋ถ์์์ ์ฌํ์์ ๅฐ่ป์ ์ ์ ์ํ์ ์ํด ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ ฅ์ ์งํํ๋ ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํค๋ ๋ํ์ ์ฉ์ด๋ค. ์ ๋ผ์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ๅฎๅถ์ ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์๋ก, ๊ธฐ์กด์๋ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์์์ง์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ใไธๅๅฒ่จใ ่ทๅฎๅฟ์ ๆญฆๅฎๆข์์ ์ ์ํ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฐฐ์น๋ ๊ตฐ์ฌ ์กฐ์ง ์ค, ํต์ผ ์ด์ ์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ ่ซธๅ์ ์์ค ๊ด์ญ ๊ตฐ์ฌ ์กฐ์ง์ผ๋ก ์ดํดํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ ๋ผ์์ ๅ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์งํ๋ถ์ ๋ณ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ๊ตฐ์ฌ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ธฐ์ง๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ ์ฉ์ด์๋ค. ์ค์์ง๊ถ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ ์ฒด์ ์ ์ ๋น ์ดํ ์ ๋ผ ์กฐ์ ์ ์ ์์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ฉด ๊ฐ ๅท์ ่ปไธป ์์ฌ์ง์ ๊ฑด์ค๋ ์ ์ ์ฃผ๋ํ๋ ์๊ฒฝ ์ถ์ ๋ณ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํด๋น ์ง์ญ์ ์ ๋ ฅ์๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐ๋ก ๋์ํ ์ง๋ฐฉ ์ถ์ ๋ณ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ผ์์ ์ ์ ์ํ ์กฐ์ง์ธ ่ป์ ํธ์ฑํ๊ณ , ์กฐ์ ์์ ์๋ช
ํ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ด ์ด๋ค์ ์งํํ๋ค.
์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์๋ช
๊ท์ ์ ็้ชจ ์ ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ไธๅ ๋ถํฐ ไธ่ฃ๊น์ง๋ผ๋ ๊ด์ง์ ๋ฒ์๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ด์ง๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋๋ ๊ณ ์ ํ ํ์์ผ๋ก, ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ด ์ ์ฌ์ ์ง๊ณจ ์ง๋จ ์์์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ด์์ ์ฐจ๊ด๋ถํฐ ์ต๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋ฃ๊น์ง์ ํด๋นํ๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ค ์ฌํ ํด๊ฒฐ์ ์ ํฉํ ์๊ฐ ์๋ช
๋๋ ๋น์์์ง์ด์์์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ํํธ 7์ธ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฐ ์ผ๊ตญ ํต์ผ ์ ์ ์ค ์ฅ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป (่ก่ป)ๆ ็ฎก์ด ์ ๋ผ๊ตฐ ์งํ๊ด์ ๋ช
์นญ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋น์ ๋์ด๋ ์งํ๊ด์ ์์์ ๋์ํด ์งํ๊ด์ ์๊ฒฉ ์๊ฑด์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์๋ช
๊ท์ ๋ณด๋ค ์ํํจ๊ณผ ๋์์, ่ก่ป็ธฝ็ฎก์ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ๋น๊ตฐ๊ณผ์ ์ํํ ์ฐ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ํด ํ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ทจํด์ง ๋ณด์์ฑ
์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค.
์ ๋ผ์ ๊ด์ ์์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ ่ปไปคๆฌ์ ํ์ฌํ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์กด์ฌ๋ ๅไธป ๋ณธ์ธ์ด๋ค. ๅไธป๋ ๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ์ ๋ณธ์์ ์์ ์๋ก, ์ ๋ผ์ฌ์ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ๋ณธ์ธ์ ์ญ๋์ ์
์ฆํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์์ฃผ ์ถ์งํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ ์์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๊ณ ์ก์ฒด์ ํผํด ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์ปค์ง๋ฉด์ ๅไธป์ ์ถ์ง์ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค. ไธๅคๆ ์ฌ๋ฃ์์๋ ๊ตฐ์ฌ ๊ด๋ จ ์ง๋ฌด๊ฐ ๋ณ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ณ ์ ๊ด๋ฑ์ ์์ง์ ์ธ์๋ ๋ค์ํ ์์น์ ์๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ค์ ์ถ์ง์ด ํจ๊ป ๋ํ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ๅไธป๊ฐ ๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ์ ๋
์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ํฉ์ ๋ง์ถฐ ์์ยทํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ณตํ์์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ์ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ต์ด์ ๊ด์ง์ผ๋ก ไผไผๅฐผๅธซไป 2๋
์ ๅทฆยทๅณ่ปไธป๊ฐ ์ค์น๋์์ผ๋ ๅนณๆ์ ๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ ๋ณด์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ๊ด์ ์ ์์ฐฉํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ , ๅฉ่ณๅฐผๅธซไป 2๋
์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ๅคงๅฐ่ป์์๋ ์ฅ๊ตฐ ๊ณํต ๊ด์ง์ ์ต์ด ๋ฑ์ฅ ์ด์์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค.
ๆ
ๆฒ้บป็ซๅนฒ 16๋
(473)์ ์ค์น๋ ๅทฆยทๅณๅฐ่ป์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋ณผ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, 6์ธ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฐ์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ค์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๊ธฐ๊น์ง ์ฝ 50๋
์ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์ด ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋๋ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์๋ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ์ค์น๋ ่ปไธป๊ฐ ์์จ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์์ ์ํํ๋ฉฐ ์ ๋ผ์ ํฝ์ฐฝ์ ์ ๋ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฌ๋ฃ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ๋ชจ์ต์ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๊ณ , ์คํ๋ ค ๊ฐ์ผ ๋ฐ ํ๊ฐ ์ ์ญ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์ ํ๋ณด๋ ๋ชจ๋ ์กฐ์ ์์ ์๋ช
ํ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ํด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค. ์ด ์๊ธฐ ๋ค์์ ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ถ๋ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ ๋ฐฉ์ด ์ฒด์ ๋ฅผ ๋ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋๋์ ๋ณ๋ ฅ์ด ์๊ตฌ๋์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ์ ๋ผ ์กฐ์ ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ์ญ๋์ ๋์์ ๋์ํ๋ฉด์ ์งํ๊ด์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ ์ ๊ณ ๊ด์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ์๋ช
ํ๋ค. ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ๋ ๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ์ ์์ยทํ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ์๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํต์ ๊ณ์นํจ๊ณผ ๋์์, ไธญๅคๆ ์ง๋ฐฐ ์ฒด์ ์ ์ ๋น์ ์ ์ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ณํ์ ๋์ํด ๊ด์ ์ ํ๋๋ก ๋ง๋ จ๋์๋ค๊ณ ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค.
์ ์์ ์ํด ๅไธป๊ฐ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์๊ฒ ์์ํ๋ ๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ์ ์ ์ฉ ๋์์ ํฌ๊ด์ ์ผ๋ก ํต์ ํ๋ ๋ฐฐํ์ ๊ถํ์ด์๋ค. 660๋
์ฌ๋น์ฑ ๊ณต๋ต์ ์์ ๊น์ ์ ์ ์์ ์๊ฒ ์ฃผ์ด์ง ๆญฆ็็์ ๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ์ ๋ณดํธํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ่ๅฎๆน๊ณผ์ ์ถฉ๋์ ๋ถ์ฌํ๊ณ , ๅ ์กฐ์ ์ด ๆๆญฆ็์ ่่ฃยท่ๅฐ์ผ๋ก ์ทจ๊ธํ์ ๋ฌธ๋ฌด์์ ์ ๋ผ๊ตฐ์ ์ด์งํ๊ด์ ๋น๊ตฐ์ ์ง์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ๅคงๆ ็ฎก์ผ๋ก ์๋ช
ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์์ ์ ์์์ด ๋น ํฉ์ ์ ๋์ผํจ์ ํ๋ฐฉํ๋ค.
๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ์ ๋ฐฐํ์ฑ์ ์์ง๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ ์๋ก๋ฅผ ํตํด ์๊ฐํ๋๋ค. ๊น์ ์ ์ด ์์ ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋์นํ์ ๋ ์ฅ์๋ ้์ ๋น์ ๆ็ฏ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ็ฏๅ์ฒ๋ผ ์ฅ๊ตฐ ์๋ช
์ ๅไธป์ธ ๋ฌด์ด์์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฐ์๋ค๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. ์์ ๆฅ็งๆฐๅๆไปฃ๊น์ง ์๊ธ๋๋ ๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ์ ์์ง๋ฌผ๋ก, ์ ๋ผ์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฅธ ์๊ธฐ ์ค๊ตญ ์์กฐ์ ์ ๋์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฉด์๋ 7์ธ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฐ๊น์ง ์ ๋ผ ๋๋ฆ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ด์๋์์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.
๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ์ ์์๊ณผ ํ์๋ ํน์ ํ ์๋ก๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค. ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค ๋ฉธ๋ง ์งํ ๋ฌธ๋ฌด์์ ์ญ๋ ์์ ๋ชจ์ ๅ
็ฅๅป์ ์ฐธ๋ฐฐํด ์น์ ์ ๊ณ ํ๋๋ฐ, ์ฅ๊ตฐ์๊ฒ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์๋ก๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ ๋ก ๊ท์ ๋์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ถ์ง ๋ฐ ๊ทํ ์ ์ข
๋ฌ์ ์ฐธ๋ฐฐํ๋ ํ์๋ ๅๆผข ์๊ธฐ์ ํ๋ฆฝ๋ ๊ดํ์ผ๋ก, ์ ๋ผ๋ 6์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ์ ํ์ ์์ฉํ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฌํ ์๋ก๋ฅผ ์ธ์งํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฌ๊ฒจ์ง๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ์ ๋ผ์์ ์ถ์ง์ ์ํด ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์๋ช
ํ๊ณ ๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ์ ์์ํ ๋์๋ ์ ์กฐ๋ฌ์์ ๊ด๋ จ ์๋ก๊ฐ ์ํ๋์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค.
ไพฟๅฎๅพไบๆฌ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ์ ์ฒ๋ฒ๊ณผ ํฌ์์ ํตํด ๊ตฐ์ฌ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ ํ๋์ ํต์ ํ๋๋ฐ, ํ์ฌ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์์์ ์งํ์ ์๋ฏธํ์ง๋ ์์๋ค. ์ ๋ผ์์๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์์ ์ฒ๋ฒ๊ณผ ํฌ์์ ๊ธฐ์ค ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ ์งํ ์์ง๋ฅผ ่ช๋ผ๋ ํ์๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ณต์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํฌํ๋ค. ์์๋ ์ง์ ๋ ๋ชฉํ์ ๋ฌ์ฑ ํน์ ์คํจ ์ ์ ํด์ง ํฌ์ ํน์ ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋ค๋ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ด๊ฒจ ์์๊ณ , ํฉ์ ๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ๋ณตํ๋ค๋ฉด ํญ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ๋งํผ ์ ์ ์ค์๋ ์ ์ฒด ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ๊ฒ ๊ตฌ์ํ๋ค.
์ฒ๋ฒ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ ์์์์ ์๊ทน์ ์์ง์์ ๊ทนํ์ผ๋ก ์ฒ๋ฒํ๋ ์์น์ ๋์๊ณ ๊ธ์ ๋ง๋ก ํ๊ณ ๋น์ทํ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์์ ์งํ๊ด์ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๋ํ ๋ณต์ข
์ด ์ธ์ ๋ ์ค์๋๋ ์์น์ด์๊ณ , ์ฒ๋ฒ์ ์ต๊ณ ์์ค์ ์๋ช
์ ๋ฐํ์ ๋์ ์ ์์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋๋ค. ํฌ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ฌ๋์ ํญ์ด ๋์ง๋ง, ์ผ์ ํ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๋์ผํ๋ค. ๊ณ ๊ตฌ๋ ค ๋ฉธ๋ง ์งํ์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ํฌ์ ๊ด๋ จ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋น๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ ๆฅๆฌ์ ่ป้ฒไปค ์กฐ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ๋ฉด, ์ ๋ผ์๋ ่ปๅ ํฌ์์ ์ํ ๊ฐ์ข
ํ์ ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ จ๋์ด ์์์์ ์์ํ ์ ์๋ค. ํํธ ์ ๋ผ์ ๊ด์ ์์๋ ํ๋์ ๊ด์ง์ ๋ณต์์ ๊ด๋ฑ์ด ๋์ํ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ๊ด๋ฑ์ ์น๊ฐ์ ๋์ผ ๊ด์ง ๋ด์์์ ์์ด๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌด์ ๋ณ๋์ ์ด๋ํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ์ ์ํ ํฌ์๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ด์ ์ ํ์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ์๋ ์์์์ ่ฃ่ตท์ ๋ํ ํฌ์์ ๋๊ณ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๋
ผ์์์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ฅ๊ตฐ ์ธ์ ๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํด ๊ตฐ์ฌ ๊ด๋ จ ์ง๋ฌด์ ์ํ์ด ํ์ธ๋๋ ๊ด์ง์ผ๋ก ่ปไธป๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์๋ ์ฅ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ่ปไธป๋ฅผ ๋์ผ์ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ด๋ฃ ์ค์์ ์๋ช
๋๋ ์งํ๊ด์ธ ์ฅ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ง์ ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์ ๋ฏผ์ ยท๊ตฐ์ฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ๊ดํ ํ๋ ่ปไธป๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธต์์ ๊ด์ง์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ถ์ง์ ์กฐ์ ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ฌํญ์ผ๋ก, ์ถ์ง ์ง์ญ์ด๋ ๊ท๋ชจ ๋ฑ์์ ์์ ๋๊ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด ่ปไธป๋ ๊ดํ ์์ญ์ ๋ฐฉ์ด ํน์ ์์คํ ์ง์ญ์ ํ๋ณต์ ์ํ ์ถ์ง๋ง์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ณ๋ ฅ ๋์ ์ธก๋ฉด์์๋ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ํ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ช
๋ น ๊ณํต์ ์ํ๋ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ์ ์
๊ฐํด ์์ ์ ํํ์ ํธ์
์์ผ ํ์ฉํ ์ ์์์ง๋ง, ่ปไธป๋ ๊ดํ ์์ญ ๋ด์์์ ๋ณ๋ ฅ ์ด๋์กฐ์ฐจ ์กฐ์ ์ ํ๋ฝ์ ๊ตฌํด์ผ ํ ๋งํผ ๊ทธ ๊ถํ์ด ์ ํ์ ์ด์๋ค. ์ ์ ์ํ ์ธ์๋ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ธ๊ต ๊ต์ญ ๋ฐ ์ ๋ น ์ง์ญ ํต์ ๋ฑ ์ ์๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋ค์ํ ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ํํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ค์ ๊ด์์ ์ฐจ๊ด ์ด์ ๊ด๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ์๋ช
ํ๋๋ก ๊ท์ ํ ๊ฒ๋, ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ญํ ์ ์ผ๋์ ๋์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ํํธ ่ปไธป๋ ํ์ ๋ณ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ตฐ์ํ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๊ณ , ํ์ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋์ ์ถํฌ ๋ฑ์ ์น์ ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค. ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ่ปไธป๊ฐ ํ์์ ์ผ์ ์์ค์ผ๋ก ์ ์งํ ๊ดํ ์์ญ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ์ญ๋์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก, ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์๋ช
์ดํ ์ง์ ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ ฅ์ ๊ณง๋ฐ๋ก ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์์๋ค.
6์ธ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฐ ์ดํ ๋์๋๋ ๋ณ๋ ฅ์ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ฉด์, ์งํ๋ถ๋ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ ฅ์ ํจ์จ์ ์ด์ฉ์ ์ํด ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ง๋์๋ค. ์ ์ ๊ด๋ จ ์ฌ๋ฃ์์ ์ ๋ผ๊ตฐ์ ๋์ฅ๊ตฐยท์ฅ๊ตฐยทๅฏๅฐ่ป์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ฐ์ 1๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์ฌ ์กฐ์ง์ ์งํ๋ถ๋ ์ฑ
์์์ธ (ๆญฃ)์ฅ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ขํ๋ ๋ถ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์๋ค. ์ผ๋ณธ ใ้ค่่ป้ฒไปคใ์ ์กฐ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ใ่ๅพท็้ต็ขใ ๋นํธ์ ้ๆ์ ํตํด ์ ๋ผ์์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ 7์ธ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฐ ์ด์ ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฒ์ ๋ก ํ๋ฆฝ๋์ด 9์ธ๊ธฐ๊น์ง ์ด์ด์ก์์ ์ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ค์์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ ์กฐ์ง์ ๋์์ ํฌ์
ํ๋ ๋น๋๊ฐ ์ ์ฐจ ์์นํ๋ฉด์, ๋์ฅ๊ตฐ์ด ๊ฐ ์งํ๋ถ์ ์์์์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ด์ ์ผ๋ก ์งํํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋์ฅ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ (์ )์ฅ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ์๋ช
๋ ์๋ค์ ์์ด๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋ถํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ๋์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ไผ้ฃก ์ด์, (์ )์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ๆฒ้ฃก ์ด์์ ๊ด๋ฑ์ ์์งํ ์ฅ๊ตฐ๋ถํฐ ๋งก์ ์ ์์๋ค๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋๋ค.
7์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ถํฐ ์ ์ ์ํ์ ์ํด ์๋ช
๋๋ ์ฅ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋๋ ์๋ก์ด ์ ํ์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. ็ฅๆ็ 5๋
(685)์ ์ค์น๋ ไพ่กๅบๅฐ่ป์ ๊ตญ์์ ์น์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ ์กฐ์ง์ด์ ์์ค ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ธ ์์๋ถ์ ์์ ์ฅ๊ด์ผ๋ก, ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ๋ณํ์ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฌ๋ก๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ ์ด์ข
์กฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ไน่ชๅนข๋ ๊ตญ์์ ๊ถ์๋ฅผ ์์ํ๋ ์์ค ์กฐ์ง์ด์๋ค๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋๋ฏ๋ก, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐฐ์น๋ ์ฅ๊ตฐ ์ญ์ ์์์ง์ด์๋ค๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
8์ธ๊ธฐ ์ดํ์๋ ๋ฐํด ์์ ์ฒ๋ผ ์ ์์ ์ํํ ๋์๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ ์ด์ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ ์ง๋๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์ง๋ง, ๋์์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ํน์ ํ ์ฅ๊ตฐ ์นญํธ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ๊ท์๋๋ ์ฌ๋ก๋ ๋ํ๋๋ค. ใํฅ๋์๋ฆ๋นใ ๋นํธ์ ์๊ฒจ์ง ้ฉ้จๅฐ่ป์ ็ฆ่ป์ ์งํ๊ด์ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌํจ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด์ด์ง๋ง, ์ผ๋ฐ ๊ด์ง์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ์ ๋ผ ไธไปฃ์ ์์ ๊ณ์น ๋ถ์์์ ์น๋ฆฌํ ์์ ็ง็ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ ฅ์ ํต์ํ๋ ์๊ฐ ์น์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ ์กฐ์ง์ ํธ์
๋ ํ ์์ ์์ ํ ์ฅ๊ตฐ ์นญํธ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค.
็ฅๆญฆ็์ ์ฆ์ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ถํํ ๅนณๆฑๅฐ่ป์ ์ฅ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ ฅ์ ์์งํด์ผ ํ๋ ๊น์ฐ์ง์ด ๊น์์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฐจ์ ์ฑ
์ผ๋ก ์ ํํ ์นญํธ์์ง๋ง, ๋ณธ๋ ๆฐๆ์๋ ๅไธป์ ๋๋ฑํ ๊ถํ์ด ์ธ์ ๋์๋ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์์์ ๊ท ์ด์ ์ด๋ํ๋ค. ์ง๊ณจ์ด ์๋ ์ฅ๋ณด๊ณ ์๊ฒ ์์ฌ๋ ้ญๆตทๅฐ่ป์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์๊ตฌํ ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋ ์นญํธ์ด์ ๆทธๆตท้ญ์ ๋ํ ๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ์ ๊ณต์ธํ๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ์ดํ ์ ๋ผ ๊ด์ ์์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ๋ํ๋์ง ์์ง๋ง, ์ ๋ผ ๋ง๊ธฐ ๊ฐ ์ง์ญ์ ์ ๋ ฅ์๊ฐ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์์นญํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฐฐํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ์ ํ์ฌํ๋ ๊ด์ง์ด์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์ธ์งํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด์๋ค. ์์ธ๋ฌ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์ด๊ธฐ ์ค์์ ๋ฌด๊ด์ ๋์ฅ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ์๋ช
ํด ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ํต์ ํ๋๋ก ํ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ๋ผ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ ์ด์ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.ๅบ่ซ 1
ไธ. ๅฐ่ปๅถ์ ์ฑ๋ฆฝ 24
1. ๅฐ่ป่ท์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ 24
2. ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ ํ์ฑ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 59
ไบ. ่ปไปคๆฌ์ ํน์ฑ๊ณผ ํ์ฌ 99
1. ๊ตฐ๋ น๊ถ์ ๋ฐฐํ์ฑ๊ณผ ์๋ก 99
2. ่ช์ ๋ฐํฌ์ ์๋ฒ์ ์งํ 119
ไธ. ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ ์ด์๊ณผ ๋ณํ 143
1. ์ฅ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ่ปไธป์ ์ด์ฉ 143
2. ์งํ๋ถ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ค 171
3. 8์ธ๊ธฐ ์ดํ ์์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ถํ 191
็ต่ซ 217
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 228
Abstract 243Docto
The Wartime Deployment of the Yukjeong(๏งๅ) of Silla(ๆฐ็พ )
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ตญ์ฌํ๊ณผ, 2013. 2. ๋
ธํ๋.๋ณธ๊ณ ๋ 6~7์ธ๊ธฐ ์ ๋ผ๊ฐ ์น๋ฅธ ์ ์์์ ์ค์ฌ์ ์ธ ์ญํ ์ ์ํํ ๏งๅ ๊ตฐ๋จ๋ค์ ์ฑ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ํน์ง ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๆฐๆ ์ด์ฉ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ค.
์ ๋ผ์ 6์ ์ด์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์กฐ์ง์๋ ๏ง้จๅ
ต๊ณผ ๆณๅนข์ด ์์๋ค. ้จ้ซๅถ๊ฐ ์ ์ง๋๋ ์ํฉ์์ 6๋ถ์ ์ง๋ฐฐ์ธต ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๋์ํ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ 6๋ถ๋ณ์ ๊ฐ ๋ถ์ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์กฐ์ง ๋ด์ ๋ถ๊ท ๋ฑ์ฑ์ ์ด๋ํ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ํํํ๋ ์ ์์ ๋์ํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ ๋ค. ์ค๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์ ๋ผ ์ ๋ถ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ ์ง๋ฐฐ๋ ฅ ๊ฐํ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ ฅ ์์๋ฅผ ์์น์ํค๋ฉด์ ์๋กญ๊ฒ ๋ฒ๋น์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. ๊ฐ ์ง๋ฐฉ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ ์ฃผ๋ํ๊ณ ์ง์ญ ์ ๋ ฅ์๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐ๋ก ๋์๋ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ๋ฒ๋น์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ ฅ์ ๆจๆๅ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณตํต ๋ณ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํด ๊ตฐ๋จ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ์ ๋ ฅ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค์ด๊ณ 6๋ถ๋ณ์ ๋ถ๊ท ๋ฑ์ฑ๋ ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ๊ทน๋ณตํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋์์ ๋ด๋นํ ์ง์ญ ์ ๋ ฅ์๊ฐ ์ค์ง์ ์ธ ์งํ๊ถ์ ํ์ฌํ๋ ์ด์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋์๋ ฅ์ด ๊ณง ์ ๋ ฅ์ ์๋ฏธํ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๊ฐ ์ง์ญ์ ์ ๋ ฅ์๋ค์ ํตํด ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์กฐ์ง๋ค์ด ์์ ํ ๊ท ์ผ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ถ๊ธฐ๋ ์ด๋ ค์ ๋ค.
6์ ๊ตฐ๋จ๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๅนข์ด ์ง๋ช
+ํ์ ๋จ์๋ช
+๋น์ผ๋ก ํ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์์ญ๋ช
+์ ์ ํ์์ ์ทจํด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํ์ ๋จ์๊ฐ ์ง๋
๋ ๊ตฐ๋จ๊ธฐ์ง์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ์์ ์ง์ํ ์ ์๋ค. 6์ ์ ๋ํ์ธ ๅคงๅนข์ ๊ตฐ๋จ๊ธฐ์ง ์ค ํ๋์ธ ๆ นไนๅ์ ์์น์ ์์ค, ่ฅฟๅ
ๅฑฑๅ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ก ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์ด ๅฏๅฑฑๅ์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ๋๋ค. ๋ถ์ฐ์ฑ์ ์ฐฝ๊ณ ์ ๊ฐ์ด ๊ตฐ๋จ๊ธฐ์ง์ ์ค์น๋ ๅ
ตๅบซ๋ค์ ์ ๋ผ ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ ฅ ํต์ ์ ์์ง์ด์ ์ฃผ์ ์์ค๋ฌผ๋ก ์ค์๋์๋ค. ๊ตฐ๋จ๊ธฐ์ง์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ณ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ํตํด ์คํ๋์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ณ๊ณ ์ ์กด์ฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ฐ ๅ์ ๋์๋ ๋ณ์ฌ๋ค์ด ํ๋ จ ๋ฑ์ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ํํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ํ๋ จ๋์์ ๊ท๊ฒฉํ๊ฐ ์๋๋์์์ ์ถ์ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ฅ๋น์ ํต์ผ์ ์ด์ด ๋ด๋ถ ํธ์ฑ๋ ์ผ์ ํด์ง๋ฉด์ 6์ ์ ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ๋จ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋น์ทํ ์ ๋ ฅ์ ๊ธฐ๋ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๋น์์ ์ ์ ์ด์ฉ์์ ์ ๋ผ ์ ๋ถ์ ์์ ๊ธฐํ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ํ์ ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ํฅ์์ํจ ์ฃผ์ ์์ธ์ด์๋ค.
์ ์ ์ต๊ณ ์งํ๊ถ์์ธ ๅฐ่ป์ ํน์ง์ ์ ์์ด๋ผ๋ ํน์ํ ์ํฉ์์ ๊ตญ์์ ๋์ ํด ๋ฐฑ์ฑ๋ค์ ์งํํ๋ค๋ ์ ์ด์๋ค. 6์ ์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ๊ด๋ค๊ณผ๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฅํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ช
์๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์์ฝ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ ์ฌ์ค๊ณผ ์์งํ ๊ด๋ฑ, ๊ด์ง์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์ด ์ ๋ผ ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ณ ๊ด์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ด ์ ์น์ ์์ฑ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ณด์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์ ์ ์ธ์๋ ๊ฐ์ข
์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํด์ผ ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ์ด ์๊ธฐ์๋ ์ฅ๊ตฐ ์ธ์๋ ์งํ๊ถ์ ํ์ฌํ ่ปไธป๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ๊ตฐ์ฃผ๋ ๅท์ ํ์ , ๊ตฐ์ฌ ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ด๊ดํ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ์์๋ฅผ ๋์ผ์ํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ 1๋ช
์ฉ ์๋ช
๋๋ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ํ๋์ ๊ตฐ๋จ์๋ ๋ณต์๋ก ๋ฐฐ์น๋๋ฉฐ ์ทจ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค. ํนํ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ทจ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๊ด์ง์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์์ ์ํด ์ ๋ถ ๊ด๋ฆฌ ์ค์์ ์ ํฉํ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ ์๋ช
ํ๋ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ํน์ง์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค.
๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ ์ ์ด์ฉ์์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ์ถ์ ์ฌ๋ก์์ ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์ ์งํ๊ถ์ ๊ดํ ์ง์ญ์ ๋์ง ์์๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ ํ ์ง์ญ์ ์ฑ
์์ง๋ ์ง๋ฐฉ๊ด์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด 7์ธ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฐ๋ถํฐ ํ์ ํด์ง๋ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ์ถ์ ์์๋ ์์ ์ ์ง์ญ์ ์ ํ์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์งํ๋ถ๊ฐ ๋ณต์์ ์ฅ๊ตฐ๋ค๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์๋ค. ์ ๊ตญ์ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ๊ณต์ธ์ ๋ง์ ์ ๋ผ ์ ๋ถ๋ ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์ ๊ตฐ๋จ๋ค์ ์ฐํฉ ํธ์ฑํด ์ ์ฅ์ ํฌ์
ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ฑํํ๋ค. ํ์์ ๊ตฐ๋จ๊ธฐ์ง๋ฅผ ํตํ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ ฅ์ ์ง์ค ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ๊ท๊ฒฉํ๋ ์ ์ํ ๋ณ๋ ฅ ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ผ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ ๋ผ ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ์นจ์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ค. ์ ์ 6์ ์ด์ฉ์ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์ธ ํน์ง์ ์ ๋ฉด์ ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ด ์งํํ๋ ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ๋จ๋ค์ ์ฐํฉ ํธ์ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
๊ตฐ๋จ๋ค์ ์ฐํฉ ํธ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ ์์ ์ด์ฉ๋๋ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ ฅ์ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ์ปค์ง๋ฉด์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์งํ๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ ์ ๋จ์๊ฐ ์ค์ ๋์๋ค. ์ฅ๊ตฐ ์๋์ ้ๅคง็ฃ, ๅฐ็ฃ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ ์ ๋จ์ ้์ ์งํ๊ด, ์ผ์ ์ ์ด๊ธ ์งํ๊ด์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ฅผ ํตํด ้์ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ 1,000๋ช
์ด๋ฉฐ ๋๋๊ฐ 1๋ช
๊ณผ ์๊ฐ 2๋ช
์ด ๋ฐฐ์น๋์์์ ์ ์ ์๋ค. ๅ์ ๋ด๋ถ๊ฐ ๋ณต์์ ้๋ค๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋จ์ผ๋ก์จ ์์ ์ํ์ ํจ์จ์ฑ์ด ์ ๊ณ ๋์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ ์ 6์ ์ด์ฉ์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ํน์ง์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ผ์ ํ ์ ์ ๋จ์๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ์ ์ด์๋ค. ํํธ ์ ๋ผ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ ์ ์์ ํ๋ํ๋ ์ถ์ ๊ตฐ์ ํต์ ํ ํ์๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ ์์กฐ๋ค์ ็ฃ่ป๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ ๋ผ์๋ ็ฃ่็ฅ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ ๊ตญ์ ์ธก๊ทผ์ ์นญํ๋ ่็ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ฐฐ ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ปํ๋ ็ฃ์ด ๊ฒฐํฉํ ์ง์ฑ
์ผ๋ก ๊ตญ์์ด ์งํ์ฒด๊ณ์๋ ๋ณ๋๋ก ํ๊ฒฌํ ๊ฐ์ฐฐ๊ด์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐ๋๋ค. ๊ฐ์ฌ์ง๋ ์ ์ฅ์์ ๊ตญ์๊ณผ ๋๋ฑํ ๊ถํ์ ํ์ฌํ๋ ์ฅ๊ตฐ์ ๊ฒฌ์ ํ๋ ์๋จ์ผ๋ก ๋น์ ์ ๋ผ ์ ๋ถ์๊ฒ ํ์์ ์ธ ์ง์ฑ
์ด์๋ค.The present study examines the establishment, characteristics, and wartime deployment methods of the Yukjeong(๏งๅ, Six Military Corps), which played a central role in the wars that the Silla Dynasty(57 BC-935 AD) waged during the 6th-7th centuries.
As for the military organizations of Silla before the Yukjeong, there were the Yukbubyeong(๏ง้จๅ
ต) and the Beopdang(ๆณๅนข). In a situation where the Bu(้จ) system was maintained, it was difficult for the Yukbubyeong, which consisted of the ruling classes of the six Bu and the manpower mobilized by them, to respond to increasingly massive wars because disparity in power among the Bu gave rise to inequality within the organization. As the Silla governments strengthening of its domination over the regions during the middle period increased the demand for military strength, the Beopdang emerged newly. The military strength of the Beopdang, which were stationed in strongholds in each region and consisted of residents mobilized with local potentates as the media, was able to reduce the disparity in military strength among corps and to overcome inequality among the Yukbubyeong to a certain degree by using common weapons such as the mokbyeongdo (ๆจๆๅ, wooden-hilted sword). However, as long as local potentates responsible for mobilization exercised the actual right of command, it was difficult for military organizations formed through potentates in each region, among whom there was a disparity in power, to arrive at complete equality because the potentates capacity for mobilization translated directly into military strength.
Unlike the existing dang(ๅนข), which was expressed as in name of the place + name of the administrative unit + dang, the Yukjeong adopted the form name of the territory + jeong(ๅ, corps) thus making it possible to assume that the nature of corps bases held by past administrative units transferred to the jeong. Judging from its location, facilities, and relationship with Seohyeongsanseong (่ฅฟๅ
ๅฑฑๅ, Seohyeongsan Fortress), Geunnae-jeong(ๆ นไนๅ, Geunnae Corps), which was one of the corps bases of the Daedang(ๅคงๅนข), the representative of the Yukjeong, is highly likely to have been Busanseong(ๅฏๅฑฑๅ, Busan Fortress). Like the storehouses of Busanseong, armories installed on corps bases were emphasized as symbols of the Silla governments control over military strength and as major facilities. Because the military functions of corps bases were realized through a combination of weapons and manpower, it is possible to infer from the existence of armories that the soldiers mobilized for each jeong performed duties including drills and that, for this, the standardization of the units of the drills was attempted. With the standardization of the internal organization following the unification of the basic equipments, it became possible to expect similar military strength from the corps in the Yukjeong. Such stability was a major factor that improved the efficiency of the Silla governments operational planning and execution in contemporary wartime deployment.
The highest wartime commanders, the Janggun(ๅฐ่ป, general) were characterized by the fact that, in the special situation of war, they were to command the people on behalf of the king. The Janggun of the Yukjeong are stipulated in historical documents to have been in charge of military units, unlike other military officers, and, judging from the fact that they participated in pledges together with the king and from the official ranks and positions that they held, seem to have been high-ranking officials of the Silla government. The Janggun exhibited a strong political coloring because they had to take care of diverse duties in addition to warfare. During this period, however, besides the Janggun, there also existed the Gunju(่ปไธป), who exercised the right of command. In fact, the two were seen as identical at times because the Gunju were responsible for the administrative and military duties of the ju(ๅท, provinces). However, unlike the Gunju, each of whom was appointed to a single ju, more than one Janggun were assigned to a single corps and the conditions for inauguration, too, differed. In particular, the fact that the inauguration condition for the Janggun was presented as an official position reflected a characteristic of the Janggun, who were appointed from among appropriate government officials upon the outbreak of war.
The Gunju and the Janggun differed in their wartime deployment as well. The right of command of the Gunju did not go beyond their jurisdictions in cases of their participation in battle at the front from historical documents, and this seems to have been the military function of local magistrates in charge of entire regions. On the contrary, in the participation of the Janggun in battle at the front, which became pronounced starting in the mid-7th century, there was no geographical limitation to operations and commanders as a body consisted of a number of Janggun. Against a massive offensive by enemy states, the Silla government selected the method of combining the organization of the corps from each region and dispatching them to the battlefield. The intensive management and standardization of military strength through corps bases in peacetime buttressed the Silla governments policies by making possible the prompt assembly of military forces. The primary characteristic of the wartime deployment of the Yukjeong can be said to be the combined organization of the corps commanded by the Janggun for the purpose of all-out warfare.
As the scale of military strength deployed in wartime increased with the combined organization of the corps, tactical units were established for organic command. The Daedaegam(้ๅคง็ฃ) and the Sogam(ๅฐ็ฃ) under the Janggun are thought to have been the commander of the tactical unit dae(้) and the junior commander of the front, respectively. Historical documents show that a dae consisted of 1,000 soldiers, with one Daedaegam and two Sogam assigned to it. With each jeong composed of multiple dae, the efficiency of operational execution would have increased. The second characteristic of the wartime deployment of the Yukjeong lay in the fact that military organizations consisted of uniform tactical units. On the other hand, the Silla government had to control troops that were active at the front. Like the Jianjun(็ฃ่ป, Army Inspector) of Chinese dynasties, Silla had the Gamsaji(็ฃ่็ฅ), a position combining Saji(่็ฅ, close associate of the king) and Gam(็ฃ, inspectional duties) that seems to have been an inspector dispatched by the king separately from the command system. As a means of checking the Janggun, who exercised authority equal to that of the king on the battlefield, the Gamsaji was a position indispensable to contemporary Silla government.๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ง 1
ไธ. ๏งๅ์ ์ฑ๋ฆฝ ๊ณผ์ 8
1. ๏ง้จๅ
ต๊ณผ ๆณๅนข์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ 8
2. ๏งๅ์ ์ฑ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ํน์ง 18
ไบ. ๏งๅ์ ์งํ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๆฐๆ ์ด์ฉ 30
1. ์ต๊ณ ์งํ๊ด ๅฐ่ป์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ 30
2. ๆฐๆ ๏งๅ์ ์ด์ฉ ๋ฐฉ์ 41
๋งบ์๋ง 58
ๅ่ๆ็ป 63
Abstract 68Maste
REFLECTOR OF BACK LIGHT FOR LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY AND BACK LIGHT UNIT USING THEREOF
๋ณธ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ ์ก์ ํ์์ฅ์น์ฉ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ฉด ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๋ฐฑ๋ผ์ดํธ ์ ๋์ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ค. ์ฆ, ์๋ถ์ ๋ค์์ ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋(Light Emitting Diode, LED)๊ฐ ์ค์ฅ๋๋ฉฐ, ์๊ธฐ ๋ค์์ ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฑ์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํ ํ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ด์ฅํ ์ธ์ํ๋ก๊ธฐํ(Printed Circuit Board,PCB); ์๊ธฐ ์ธ์ํ๋ก๊ธฐํ ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ์ฐฉ๋๋๋ก ์์นํ ๋ฐ์ฌํ; ๋ฐ ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ ์๊ธฐ ์ธ์ํ๋ก๊ธฐํ์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋ฉด์ ํฌํจํ๋ ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ฌํ ์๋ถ์ ๋ํฌ๋ ์ํ์์ ๊ฑด์กฐ ๋๋ ๊ฒฝํ๋์ด ํ์ฑ๋ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ฉด์ ํฌํจํจ์ผ๋ก์จ, ๋ฐ์ฌ์ํธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฑ๋ผ์ดํธ ์ ๋์ ์ผ์ฒดํ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๋์ฌ ์ฒด๊ฒฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก ์ธํ ๋ฐฑ๋ผ์ดํธ ์ ๋ ๋ด๋ถ์ ์ด๋ฌผ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ฌ์ํธ์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ฐฉ์งํ์ฌ ๊ณ ํ์์ ๋ฐฑ๋ผ์ดํธ ์ ๋์ ์ ๊ณตํ ์ ์๋ค.๋ค์์ ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋(Light Emitting Diode, LED)๊ฐ ์ค์ฅ๋ ์ธ์ํ๋ก๊ธฐํ(Printed Circuit Board, PCB)์ ํฌํจํ๋ ๋ฐ์ฌํ ์๋ถ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋๋ง์ด ๋
ธ์ถ๋๋๋ก ๋ํฌ๋ ์ํ์์ ๊ฑด์กฐ ๋๋ ๊ฒฝํ๋์ด ํ์ฑ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ก์ ํ์์ฅ์น์ฉ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ฉด.๋ค์์ ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋(Light Emitting Diode, LED)๊ฐ ์ค์ฅ๋ ์ธ์ํ๋ก๊ธฐํ(Printed Circuit Board, PCB)์ ํฌํจํ๋ ๋ฐ์ฌํ ์๋ถ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋๋ง์ด ๋
ธ์ถ๋๋๋ก ๋ํฌ๋ ์ํ์์ ๊ฑด์กฐ ๋๋ ๊ฒฝํ๋์ด ํ์ฑ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ก์ ํ์์ฅ์น์ฉ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ฉด.๋ค์์ ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋(Light Emitting Diode, LED)๊ฐ ์ค์ฅ๋ ์ธ์ํ๋ก๊ธฐํ(Printed Circuit Board, PCB)์ ํฌํจํ๋ ๋ฐ์ฌํ ์๋ถ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๊ด ๋ค์ด์ค๋๋ง์ด ๋
ธ์ถ๋๋๋ก ๋ํฌ๋ ์ํ์์ ๊ฑด์กฐ ๋๋ ๊ฒฝํ๋์ด ํ์ฑ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ก์ ํ์์ฅ์น์ฉ ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ฉด