13 research outputs found
๋ฏธ์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ์ด์ค๊ธฐ ๊ต์ํ๋์ ๋ฐ์๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ์ญ๋์์ธ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ํ๋๊ณผ์ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ต์ก ์ ๊ณต, 2012. 8. ๊นํ์.์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ 1960๋
๋ ์์ง์ฒ๋ฆฌ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ํํ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ์ ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ค. ์ดํ ๋ง์ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ต์ก์๋ค์ ์ํด ๋ฏธ์ ์ฌ๋ฅ(artistic talent)์ด๋ ๋ฏธ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ(artistic abilities), ์ฐฝ์์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋์ฒดํ ์ ์๋ ์ค์ํ ํ์ต๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ์๋ค. ํ๊ตญ์์๋ 2000๋
๋์ ๋ค์ด ์๊ฐ๋ฌธํ๊ต์ก, ๋ค๋ฌธํ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ต์ก๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฏธ์ ๊ต์ก ๋ด๋ก ์ ๋์
๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ๊ดํ ๋
ผ์๊ฐ ํ๋ฐํ ์งํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํํ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ ๊ทผ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ต๊ทผ์๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์ค์ฆ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ทผํ๋ ค๋ ์๋๋ค๋ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค์ฆ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ทผํ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์๋๋ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ํ์ต ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฐ๋
์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋๋ก ์ธ์ง๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ๋จํธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ค๋ค์ง๊ฑฐ๋ ์ง๋์น๊ฒ ๋ค์ํ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ํผ์ฌ๋๋ ์์์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์์ธ์์ฌ 4๋
์ ๋ฏธ์ ๋ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ด์ค๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ธ์๋๊ณ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ์ญ๋์์ธ์ ํ์ํ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋
ํํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์ง ๊ต์ก์ ํจ์๋ฅผ ์์๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ง๋จ์ธ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ด์ค๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ต์์ ๊ฐ์ฌ 15๋ช
์๊ฒ ์ฌ์ธต๋ฉด์ ์ ์ค์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ํ ํ๋๊ณผ ํ์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ถ์ฌํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ํ๋ด์ฉ์ ๋ฐ์๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ์์์ ํ์
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฉด์ (behavioral event interview)์ ์ค์ํ๋ค. ํ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฉด์ ์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ ์๋ ค์ง์ง ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์กฐ์ฌ, ํ์ํ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๊ฐ ํน๋ณํ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ์์ ํ๋ํ ๋ด์ฉ๋ค์ ์ง๋ฌธํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๊ธฐ์กด ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ ์๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ํ์์์ธ๋ค์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ์ฌ ์ฃผ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค์ด ์ง์ ํ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ํ์ฉ์ฌ๋ก๋ค์ ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ์ญ๋๊ตฐ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ ๊ตํํ๊ณ ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ ํํธ ์๋ก์ด ์ญ๋๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํ์์์ธ๋ค์ ์์ฑํ์๋ค.
์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ์ญ๋๋ค์ ๋ชจ๋ 26๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋๊ณ 26๊ฐ์ ์ญ๋์ 8๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋์๋ค. 8๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ โ ์กฐํ์ธ์ด์ ์ดํด์ ์ ์ฉ, โก ์กฐํ์ ์์ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ต๋, โข ๋งค์ฒด์ ์ฌ์ฉ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฌ, ์ํต ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ํ ์ดํด, โฃ ์ฌํ๋ฌธํ์ ๊ด์ต์ ๋์ ํ๋ ์กฐํ์ ์๋๋ก์ ๋นํ์ ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฑ, โค ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ๋๊ตฌ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์๋ก์ด ์๋ฏธ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ, โฅ ์ฃผ์ ์ ํ์์ ์คํ, โฆ ์ธ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ถ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ๊ณผ ์ดํด, โง ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ฒฝํ์์ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ๊ณ ๋ฐ์ ์ํค๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋์๋ค.
26๊ฐ์ ์ญ๋ ๊ฐ์ด์ 6๊ฐ์ ์ญ๋์ด ์๋ฃ๋ถ์์ ๊ธฐ์ดํด ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ์ญ๋์ผ๋ก ์๋กญ๊ฒ ์ถ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. 6๊ฐ์ ํ์์์ธ์ ์กฐํ๋ฌผ์ ์ ์์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋๋ฐ์ฑ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ณ ํ๊ธฐ์๊ท์น์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์์ธ๊ณผ ๋ค์ํ ์ํ์ ๊ฒฝํ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ์ํ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ธ์,์ผ์์ ๋ฏ์ค๊ฒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ,์ํต์ ์ ์ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ.์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๊บผ๋ฆฌ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์๋ค. ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ์๋ก์ด ์ญ๋๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ํ๋๋ฏธ์ ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ๋ฏธ์ ์์ฒด๋ณด๋ค ์ผ์์ ํน๋ณํ ์๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ํ๊ณ ์์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.
์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ด ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ์ ์๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์ค์ ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ธ ์ฐฝ์์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๊ฐ๋
๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ธ๋ค์ ํ์ฑํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ ๋ํ์ ๊ธฐ์ด ์ค๊ธฐ๋ผ๋ ์ค์ ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์์ ์ธ์๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋จ์ํ ์๊ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ ์ฐ๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์๋ก์ด ์๊ฐ์ ์๋ฏธ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ๊ณ ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ํตํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ง์๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ, ํ๋, ๊ธฐ์ง๋ก์ ์ ์๋ ์ ์์๋ค.The term of visual literacy first appeared in the literature of art education in the 1960s borrowing ideas from the symbol processing theory and Gestalt psychology. Since then, a number of art educators have paid attention to visual literacy as a concept that would significantly transform the meanings of teaching and learning in art. The reason that the concept of visual literacy attracted art educators at that time was they found the potentials of the concept in replacing the long standing notions of artistic talent, artistic abilities and creativity. In Korea, since the 2000s, new discourses of art education such as Visual Culture Art Education(VCAE) and multi-cultural art education were introduced by a small group of visionary art educators. With the introduction of these new thoughts, there has been active discussion on visual literacy in Korean art education.
As the Gestalt psychologists initiated the studies on visual literacy, early forms of the studies on visual literacy were mostly theoretical. A number of researchers from diverse backgrounds have increasingly tried to establish a consensus definition of visual literacy as well as observable constructs of it so as to use them in the educational contexts. Thus, some studies on visual literacy have encompassed a broad spectrum of constructs while other studies have limited the concept only into a few fractions of it.
Since its inception, the studies on visual literacy have highlighted the responsive aspects of visual literacy such as description, analysis, interpretation and evaluation of visuals. Differentiating from those studies focusing only on the responsive aspects of visual literacy, the purpose of this study is to explore and conceptualize the competencies of visual literacy enacted in the foundation courses of studio art programs at the college level in Korea.
Competency modeling was employed to explore and to conceptualize the competencies of visual literacy. Six instructors and nine professors teaching in the foundation courses of studio art programs were involved in the course of the study as participants. The depth interview, behavioral event interview (BEI) was effective for the researcher to go through the constructs of visual literacy unknown but used as tacit knowledge in authentic settings of studio art programs. Semi-structured questionnaire was devised and used for the instructors and professors to describe the details of the assignments and the evaluation criteria to teach their students how to communicate through visuals.
The questions of questionnaire and the thematic structure used for this study were taken from the structures and the constructs made by the previous studies on visual literacy. Based on the interpretation and the analysis of participants' statements on the respective cases, the existing structures and constructs of visual literacy were sophisticated and reconstructed, revealing new criteria, and producing new constructs.
As a result of the aforementioned analysis, the competencies of visual literacy enacted in the foundation courses of studio art programs at the tertiary level were clustered into 8 mid-criteria with 26 competencies. 8 mid-criteria respectively consist of โ appreciating and applying visual languages, โก attaining and improving visual metaphors, โข understanding and practicing ways of visual communication defined by their specific domains, โฃ critical reconstruction, as a challenge to preexisting visual conventions, โค finding intrinsic meanings or other possibilities for the meaning construction from materials and tools, โฅ experimenting with the combination of new ideas and forms, โฆ being interested in and apprehending humans and other lives, and โง eliciting and sophisticating visual narratives from one's own experiences.
6 competencies out of all the 26 competencies of visual literacy were what were newly added to the thematic structure of visual literacy made by the analysis of the data. Newly added 6 competencies of visual literacy include: reflective thinking, discovering intrinsic meanings as one's working with materials and tools, and as ways of eliciting themes for visualization from daily experiences, setting problems, making things unfamiliar, finding contact points (with others' experiences), and making visual narratives consist in the competencies of visual literacy. These newly competencies of visual literacy are significant in that they reflect that much attention of contemporary visual arts are moving from art for arts' sake or beauties to finding meanings from our daily lives.
This study was an attempt to form, reconstruct and further delineate the competencies of visual literacy with the 15 participants teaching in studio art programs, as authentic settings in which visual literacy is being enacted. This study is guided by an assumption that visual literacy is a heuristic concept responsive to the contexts. The current study implies that visual literacy can not be reduced to an ability of encoding and decoding visuals. Rather, it is a collection of knowledge, skills, attitudes and predispositions in order to produce new meanings in visual forms and to professionally communicate with others. In addition to that, newly competencies of visual literacy in this study concerns more on small narratives than art for arts' sake. Another implication of this study is focusing on students' personal narratives and looking into their own lives can be driving forces to motivate students' reflective thinking and emergence within a subject matter.์ 1 ์ฅ ์๋ก 1
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ํ์์ฑ 2
3. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ 4
4. ์ฉ์ด์ ์ ์ 5
1) ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ 5
2) ๋ฏธ์ ์ฌ๋ฅ 8
3) ์ฐฝ์์ฑ 10
4) ๋นํ์ ์ฌ๊ณ 11
5) ์ญ๋๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 13
5. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ ํ์ 14
์ 2 ์ฅ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ 16
1. ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ณํ 16
1) ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ๋
๊ตฌ๋ถ 16
(1) ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ด์ 16
(2) ๋ฏธ์ ๊ต์ก์ ๊ด์ 20
(3) ๋ฏธํ์ ๊ด์ 23
2) ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ์ฌ๊ฐ๋
ํ 26
2. ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ: ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ์ญ๋์์ธ 30
1) ๋๋ค์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ฑ
ํฌ๋ฑ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 31
2) ๋ธ๋ฆด ๋ฑ๊ณผ ์ ๋ธ์ ๋ฌ๋์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 36
3) ํ๋ฌ๋์ ์บ๋ฌ์ฐ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 40
4) ๋ ์ด๋์ ํฉ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 49
3. ํ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ์ ๊ต์ก์์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ๋
52
4. ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ์ญ๋์์ธ 55
์ 3 ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 57
1. ์ญ๋๋ชจ๋ธ 57
1) ์ญ๋ 57
2) ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฐจ 60
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ 63
3. ์๋ฃ์ ์์ง๊ณผ ๋ถ์ 66
1) ์๋ฃ์ ์์ง 66
2) ์๋ฃ์ ๋ถ์ 69
3) ๋ถ์๊ณผ์ 70
(1) 1์ฐจ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ์ 70
(2) 2์ฐจ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ์ 73
(3) 3์ฐจ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ์ 77
4. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ๋นํ 81
์ 4 ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 84
1. ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ์ญ๋์์ธ 87
1) ์กฐํ์ธ์ด์ ์ดํด์ ์ ์ฉ 87
(1) ์กฐํ์์์ ์๋ฆฌ 87
(2) ์ ๋ฌธ๋ถ์ผ์ ํํ๋ฐฉ์ 89
2) ์กฐํ์ ์์ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ต๋ 91
3) ์ ๋ฌธ๋ถ์ผ์ ์ํต๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ํ ์ดํด 94
(1) ๊ฐ๊ฐ์์๊ณผ ์ ๋ฌ๋งค์ฒด์ ์ดํด 95
(2) ์ ๋ฌธ๋ถ์ผ์ ์ํต๋ฐฉ์ 98
4) ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ๋๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์๋ก์ด ์๋ฏธ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ 102
5) ๋นํ์ ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฑ 106
6) ์ฃผ์ ์ ํ์์ ์คํ 110
7) ์ธ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ถ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ๊ณผ ํต์ฐฐ 112
(1) ์ผ์์ ๋ฏ์ค๊ฒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์ ์ํต์ ์ ์ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ 112
(2) ๋ฏธ์ ์ ์ฌํ์ ์ญํ ํ๊ตฌ์ ์ฌํ์ฐธ์ฌ 115
8) ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ฒฝํ์ ์์ฌ๋ก ๋ฐ์ 117
3. ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธํด๋ ฅ์ ์ญ๋์์ธ 121
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 125
1. ๋
ผ์ 125
2. ์ ์ธ 131
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 134
Abstract 142
๋ถ๋ก 147
ํ ์ฐจ ๋กDocto
The Cause of Institutionalized Private Tutoring in Korea: Defective Public Schooling or a Universal Desire for Family Reproduction?
Purpose In Korea, private tutoring is considered a social evil that damages the capacity of public schooling and undermines social justice. Although the government has implemented various policies to reduce private tutoring, ranging from improving the quality of education to providing โquasi-private tutoringโ programs and regulating the shadow education market, total spending on private tutoring has continued to increase. This study examines a little noticed but important cause of institutionalized private tutoring in Korea. Design/Approach/Methods The study employed a socio-ecological perspective to analyze both education and socio-structural factors. An extensive review of the government's private tutoring reduction policies and related literature was conducted. Findings Private tutoring functions as a means by which parents can help their children compete for admission to prestigious universities and pass on wealth and social status to their children. Participation in private tutoring has become a social norm that is taken for granted. The root causes of institutionalized private tutoring lie in both educational and socio-structural factors. Originality/Value The study suggests that government policies, when ignoring the long-established โgrammarโ of parents about children's education, may either end in failure or produce unintended consequences