응급실

우리나라 사람들의 평균수명이 80세를 넘었다 하니 우리가 꽤 오래 살게 된 것 같다. 생활수준과 의료기술의 향상이 수명을 연장시키고 있다. 생명이 오래 보존된다는 것은 무엇보다 축복받을 일이다. 우리가 귀중하게 맺은 아름다운 인연을 오랫동안 가질 수 있다. 그러나 한편 어려운 일도 많이 따른다. 요즈음에는 오늘 멀쩡하게 살던 사람이 내일 갑자기 세상을 떠나는 경우는 매우 드물다. 998834는 희망사항일 뿐 실제로는 대부분 짧게는 몇 달, 길게는 몇 년을 요양원과 병원 신세를 지다가 이승을 하직한다. 부부가 이미 나이가 많이 들었고, 자녀들도 독립적인 생활을 하거나 외국에 있는 경우도 있어 독거노인의 가정도 많이 발생하게 된다. 이런 상황에서 노년기에는 응급실, 병실 입원, 중환자실 등을 거치는 경우도 흔히 있게 된다. 이 과정이 노인들에게는 특히 힘든 것이 될 수 있다. 서울의 한 유명 대형병원의 응급실에 가 보면 환자가 너무 넘쳐서 정신이 없다. 모자라는 의료진이 너무 바쁘게 뛰어다니니 환자의 자세한 상황을 물어볼 수가 없다. 환자들이 응급실에 와도 침대가 있는 안에는 못 들어가고 밖에 있는 소파에서 링거를 맞고 있는 모습도 흔히 볼 수 있다. 소파에서 밤을 새워 침대 나기를 기다리고, 응급실에서만 며칠을 지내고 퇴원하는 경우도 있다고 한다. 더 어려운 문제도 있다. 응급실에서는 식사가 제공되지 않기 때문에 보호자가 하루 세 끼의 식사를 개인적으로 준비해야 한다

Ctizenship Education of Secondary Schools in the United States The Meaning of Recent Reforms and Its Implications for Korean Citizenship Education

The purpose of this study is to examine recent reforms and changes of citizenship education secondary schools in the United States and to seek some suggestions for citizenship education in secondary schools in Korea. Since the main purpose of social studies education in schools is citizenship education, social studies education of schools is mainly analyzed for citizenship education. The writer was fortunate to have an opportunity to stay at University of California at Berkeley in the United States with financial assistance from Ministry of Education, Korea, for the study of social studies education for one year from January 1992 through January 1993. This study was made during that period by reviews of literature, observations on the U.S. society, field trips to schools,interviews and conferences with related people and experts. Such direct experiences were of great help for this study. The stream of postmodernism, spread of computers, violence, pleasure seeking social environments, criticism against positivism and individualism, increase of minority and demand for cultural pluralism were found as some of recent characteristics of the U.S. society. In order to cope with these problems, citizenship education of the U.S. secondary schools have been recently undergoing reforms emphasizing teaching of concepts, schemata and higher order thinking such as decision making, creative thinking, critical thinking, inquiry and metacognition in the area of cognitive education. Regarding value education in social studies, concerns with an ethic of caring and appreciation is rapidly growing along with character education. It is very impressive to observe that these types of value education are replacing the place of value clarification approach or even Kohlberg approach in moral and value education, which have been so influencial in both the U.S. and Korean schools for the past few decades. Such changes and reforms of the U.S. citizenship education in secondary schools seem very timely, appropriate, and desirable educational efforts to bring societal progress and happy lives of the people for the 21st century. Considering Korean situation, the emphases on concept and schemata teaching, high order thinking and an ethic for caring and appreciation seem all positively applicable to Korean schools in basic directions, but they should be different in specific methods. Classrooms of Korean schools are overerowded, virtually making impossible teaching of higher order thinking or any other important instructions by discussions. Therefore, Korean schools must seek some type of small group works or group discussions. Also, Korean schools are expected to develop ethics of caring and appreciation in accordance with the tradition of Korean culture and history, such as respect for humanity and cooperation. We have seen many examples in the past half century that the efforts to introduce foreign educatioanl theory and practice directly into Korea resulted in failure. It seems that the future success of Korean citizenship education largely depends upon how Korean schools develop their own teaching materials and methods with the reference to foreign theory and practice.이 연구는 1992년도 교육부 해외파견 연구교수 연구비에 의하여 이루어졌음

A Study on the Performance Assessment for Social Studies Classrooms in Korean Secondary Schools

The performance assessment is recently introduced into social studies classrooms in Korean secondary schools. The performance assessment tries to assess whether objectives of instruction are really achieved or not in terms of students' observable real behaviors. For this purpose, the assessment emphasizes on finding or evaluating students' higher order thinking ability, the problem solving ability, and the process of a study. Such abilities are very crucial in social studies. Teachers and students, however, are not familiar with this type of assessment. Therefore, as a means of helping teachers, this study suggests directions and methods for the performance assessment in social studies. Above all, instead of lectures or recitation, responsive discussion should be conducted in the classrooms for the enhancement of higher order thinking. Concept teaching, cooperative learning and teaching of controversial issues are also necessary. In addition, performance assessment tasks should be clearly developed before the assessment. Finally, portfolios and essay type tests are recommended as specific forms of performance assessment in social studies

시민적 자질 함양을 위한 사범대학 사회교육과의 지향에 관한 연구

As the environment of social education has been very much changed recently, it becomes necessary for a department of social education in college of education to reconize newly arisen wants and then to reform their systems and organizations. In the present study, we are going to deal with the following questions : What are the characteristics of research and practice social education? What are educational objectives and functions of the department of social edcation of the development for Korean society and for the changes in environment of college of education? What are actual conditions of department of social education and what are tasks for devlopment of the department of social education in the actual states? What are mid-term and long-term projects that a department of social education would have to overcome given restrictions and to make a significant improvement? This study relies mainly on presentations and discussion, as is most important the consensus among members of the department of social education. Then, this study stands for two basic lines as follows, along which the improvement will be made: (1) to adapt the department in changs of social education environment and to make contribution to social development (2) to approach to real aspects of education and to lead the practice in education. To show how department of social education will proceed to and attain the goal, this paper deals with aspects of system and organization, roles and functions, students, curriculum, faculty of leading actual education. In addition, it is shown that maximum efforts of the members of department and sufficient support of college authority are absolutely indispensable for the development of the department. Then, we may expect that the department of social education will make great contribution not only to the development of college of education and S.N.U. but also to properity of Korean societ

An Exploratory Study on Value Education in Korean Secondary School Social Studies Classroom

The purpose of this study is to examine attitudes of teachers toward value education and reality of value education in Korean secondary school social studies classroom for more effective teaching of values in social studies education. Such study has significant meanings. As Korea is rapidly changing to information society, value conflict is becoming one of serious social problems. It is also needed to seek new values which are appropriate in new information society. 236 teachers of social studies, history education and geography education in Seoul, Inchon and Kyunggido are selected as samples. We can find very interesting results. Most of teachers think value education in social studies very important. They are, however, not familiar with recent teaching methods on values such as value clarification, value reasoning and value analysis, depending mostly on simple traditional ways of lectures and giving moral stories to students. In addition, they do not know well specific process of value teaching such as solution of value conflict, seeking alternative ways, predicting the result of selection. The primary reason for such situation seems that teacher training schools are not giving proper instructions. From this study, we may suggest for effective teaching of values that teacher training schools must offer more effective courses for value education in social studies during both preservice and inservice training periods. Also, academic associations of social studies education are recommended to have more active scholastic meetings for study of value education.이 연구는 서울대학교 사범대학 발전기금 1996년도 Lemix 학술연구비의 지원에 의해 이루어졌음