14 research outputs found
RF ์ ๋ ฅ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์ ๋น๋์นญ IMD ํน์ฑ์ ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฐ์ ๋ ์ฌ์ ์๊ณก ๊ธฐ๋ฒ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ ๊ธฐยท์ปดํจํฐ๊ณตํ๋ถ,2004.Maste
the Conditions for Successful Implementation of a Shrinkage Plan
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ํ๊ฒฝ๋ํ์ ํ๋๊ณผ์ ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ, 2022. 8. ๊น์ธํ.๋ง์ฑ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์๋ก ์ ์๋๋ ๋์์ถ์๋ ๋ถ๋ช
ํด๋กญ์ง๋ง ๋ถ๊ฐํผํ ํ์์ด๋ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฑ์ฅ์ค์ฌ์ ๋์๊ณํ์ด ์ถ์ ํ์์ ๋ํ ํด๋ฒ์ด ๋ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๋ด๋ก ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป, โ์ค๋งํธ ์ถ์โ, โ์ ์ ๊ท๋ชจํโ, โ์ค๋งํธ ์ ํดโ๋ผ๋ ๋ค์ํ ์ฉ์ด๋ก ํํ๋๋ ์๋ก์ด ๊ณํ ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ถ์๋์์ ๊ณํ์ด ๊ด์ฑ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ฅ์ ์งํฅํ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ์์ฉํ๋ฉฐ ๋จ๊ฒจ์ง ์๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ถ์ ์ง ํฅ์์ ์ง์คํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋๋
๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฌ์คํธ ๋ฒจํธ์ ์ ํด ๋์๋ฅผ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก 2000๋
๋ ์ค๋ฐ ์ดํ ๋๋ฆฌ ์ ์ฉ๋์ง๋ง, ํ์ค์์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌํ๋ ์ฌ๋ก๋ ์ฐพ์๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. ๋์์ถ์์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ถ์๊ณํ์ ๊ตฌํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ํ์์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ค์ฆ์ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์๋ค. ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ถ์๊ณํ ๊ตฌํ์ ์ํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๋ค์์ ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ์ฌ ํ์ ๋์๋ค: 1) ์ถ์๊ณํ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์คํ์ ์ฅ์ ์์; 2) ์ฅ์ ์์์ ์ํฅ์ ์ํํ ์ ์๋ ์ถ์์ง์ญ์ ๊ธฐํ์ ์ํฉ. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ๋ ์ธ ํธ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ด ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์์๋ฅผ ํ์ํ์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ต์ฐจ์ฌ๋ก ๋ถ์์ ์ํํ์ฌ ์ถ์๊ณํ์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์คํ์ ๊ฐ๋ก๋ง๋ ์ฅ์ ์์์ ๊ทธ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋
ํํ์๋ค. ์ฌ๋ก์กฐ์ฌ ๋์์ง๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์์ ์ถ์๊ณํ ์คํ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ ์ญํ ์ ํ์๋ ์์คํ์ด๊ณผ ๋ํธ๋ก์ดํธ๋ก ์ ์ ํ์๋ค. ๋ถ์์ ์ํด ๋ฌธํ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ๊ฐ ์ํ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ถ์๊ณํ์ด ์ ์๋๊ณ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ฐฉ๋ฅํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ง๋ฉดํ ์ ์์์ ๋ฐํ๋ค: 1) ์ถ์๋์์ ๋ถ์์ ํ ์ฌ์ ์ํฉ; 2) ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ ๊น์ ์น์ฑ์ฅ ๋ฌธํ; 3) ์ถ์๊ณํ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ชจํธ์ฑ; 4) ์ถ์๊ณํ์ ๋ถ๊ท ๋ฑ์ฑ; 5) ๊ตฌํ์ ์ํ ์ธ๋ถ์ ์ง์นจ ๋ถ์กฑ. ๋ค์ฏ ๊ฐ์ง์ ์ฅ์ ์์๋ ์ํธ ์์ฉํ์ฌ ์์คํ์ด๊ณผ ๋ํธ๋ก์ดํธ์ ์ถ์๊ณํ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ํค๊ฑฐ๋, ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์คํํ๊ฒ ํ๊ฑฐ๋, ํ์ ๋ ์ง์ญ์์๋ง ์คํ๋๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. ํนํ, ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฐ๋๋ฅผ ๊ณํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค์ด๋ ๋ค์ด์ฌ์ด์ง ๋์ ์ง์ญ์ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ด ๊ฐ์ง๋ ์ถ์๊ณํ์ ๋ํ ๋น๋์ ์ฅ์ ์์์ ํต์ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ก์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์งํฉ์ ๋นํ์ด ์ถ์๊ณํ ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์ ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ค์ง๋ ์๋๋ ฅ์ด ๋์์์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค.
์ถ์๋์์ ๋ค์ด์ฌ์ด์ง ๋์ ์ง์ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์์ค๊ฐ, ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋์ ๋ฐํ๊ฐ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ง๋ง ์ถ์์ ์ํฉ์ ์ ๋ง๋ง์ ์๋ฏธํ์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ง์์ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ถ์ ์ง์ ์ ์งํ ์ ์๋ค๋ฉด ์ถ์๊ณํ ๊ตฌํ ์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ์ฅ์ ์์์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ํํ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ถ์๋๋ ๋๋ค(neighbourhood)์ ์ง๊ตฌ(district)์์๋ ์๋ฏผ์ ์ถ์ ์ง์ ์ ์งํ ์ ์๊ฒ ํ๋ ๊ธฐํ์ ์ํฉ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ์๋ค
๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ถ์ ๋๋ค์์ ์๋ฏผ์ ๊ธ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ถ์ ์ง ํฅ์์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ , ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์์ง๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์์ธ์ ์ ํด์ง์ญ์ธ ๋๊ณก์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์๋ฏผ์ ๊ฐ์ ์์น๋ ๋ํ๊ฒ์ฌ(EEG)์ ๋ค์ค์ ํ ํ๊ท๋ถ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ถ์์๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์ถ์ ๋๋ค ์๋ฏผ์ ๊ธ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ํต์ฌ์ ์์๋ก ์๋ฏผ ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ ๋ง์กฑํ ๋งํ ์์ค์ผ๋ก ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ค๊ณํ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ ๊ฒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋๋ค์ ๋ํ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ ์ฐฉ์ฌ์ ๋์์ค๊ณ์ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฐํ๋ค. ์ค์ ๋ก, ํผ์คํ์์ ๊ธ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฌํ์ ๊ต๋ฅ๊ฐ ํ๋ฐํ ์์
๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ ํ ์คํ ์คํ์ด์ค์์๋ง ํฌ์ฐฉ๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด ์ฌํ์ ๋ฌด์ง์๊ฐ ๋ํ๋ ์คํ ์คํ์ด์ค, CPTED๊ฐ ์ค์น๋์์ง๋ง ๋นํ์ฑํ์ ์ธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ ๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ฐ, ๋ฐ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฆ ๋ฐ์์ง ์ฃผ๋ณ๊ณผ ๋น์ง ์ฃผ๋ณ, ๊ตํต๋์ด ๋์ ์์
๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฅ์์์์ ํ๊ท ๊ฐ์ ์์น๋ ์ ๋ถ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ด์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ฅ์ ์ ์ฐฉ์ฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์, ์ฌ์ฑ์ด ๋จ์ฑ๋ณด๋ค ์ถ์ ๋๋ค์์ ๋ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋ค์ ์ถ์๋ ๋๋ค๊ฐ ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋๋ค๋ฉด ๋จ๊ฒจ์ง ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ๋ง์กฑ๊ฐ์ด ์ ์ง๋ ์ ์์์ ์์ฌํ๋ค.
์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ถ์ ์ง์ ํฅ์์ํฌ ์ ์๋ ๋์์ถ์์ ์ฌํ์ , ๋์ ๊ณํ์ , ํ๊ฒฝ์ , ์ฐ์
์ ๊ธฐํ๋ค์ ์กฐ์ฌํ์๋ค. ์์ธ์ ์ถ์ ์ง์ญ์ธ, ์ธ์ด์ง๊ตฌ, ์ฑ์์ง๊ตฌ, ์ฐฝ์ ์ง๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ์ฑํ๋๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ต์ฐจ์ฌ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ถ์์ ๊ธฐํ์ ์ํฉ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์์์ ๋ฐํ๋ค: 1) ๋์์ถ์ ์๋ฏผ์ ์ ๋ง๊ฐ์ ์ํด ์ด๋ฐ๋๋ ์ง๋จ์ ์์ง์; 2) ๋๊ท๋ชจ ๊ณํ์ ๋์ฒดํ๋ ์๊ท๋ชจ ํ๋ก์ ํธ์ ํ์ฐ; 3) ๊ฒฝ์๋ ฅ์ด ๋ํ ์ ํด๋ถ์ง ๋ฐ ๋น์ง์ ๋ณํ์ ์ฌ์ฌ์ฉ; 4) ์ง์ญ ์ฐ์
๊ฐ์น์ ๋
ธํ์ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ถ์ ํ์์ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ง ๊ธฐํ์ ์ํฉ๋ค์ด ์ถ์์ง๊ตฌ์์ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ง์ญ ๊ณํ์ ๋ํ ์๋ฏผ ์ฐธ์ฌ ํฅ์ ๋ฐ ์นจ์ฒด๋ ์ง์ญ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฌํ์ฑํ๋ฅผ ์ด๋์๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ํฌ์ฐฉํ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋์์ง๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ ํดํ๋๋ผ๋ ์ถ์์ ์ด์ ๋ค์ด ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉ๋ ์ ์๋ค๋ฉด ๋จ๊ฒจ์ง ์๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ถ์ ์ง์ด ํฅ์๋ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ค์ํ ์์ฌ์ ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค.
์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์์ฌ์ ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์ค๋งํธ ์ถ์ด ๊ณํ์ ๋์์ ๋๋ค ๋ฐ ์ง๊ตฌ์ ํน์ฑ๊ณผ ์์น๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ ์ธ์ฌํ๊ฒ ์ค๊ณ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ฌํฌ์์ ์ฌ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ค๋ ์๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์น๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฎ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฐ๋, ๋ํ๋ ๊ฑด์ถํ๊ฒฝ, ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋ ์์น์ ๋์์ง์ญ ์ถ์๋ ์ฅ๊ธฐํ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ถ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ณผ ์ ํด์ ๋์ธ์ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๋ํ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋
น์งํํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ณต๊ณต์์ค๋ฌผ๋ก ์ ํํ์ฌ ๋จ๊ฒจ์ง ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ถ์ ์ง์ ์ ์งํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ค์ํ๋ค.
๋์ฌ ์ธ์ ์ง์ญ์ด๋ ์ ์ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ง์ญ์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ์ถ์ํ์์ ๋ง์ฑ์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ผ์์ ์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ค. ์ด ์ง์ญ์์์ ์ค๋งํธ ์ถ์๊ณํ์ ์ ์ฐํ๊ฒ ์ ์๋ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ธ์ด๊ณผ ์ฑ์์ ์ฌ๋ก์์ ๋ณด๋ฏ์ด, ์ํฅ์ ๊ณํ์ ๋ํ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์ ํด๋ถ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ํด๋น ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ ํ, ์ด์ฉ์, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ์ฑํ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ค์ํ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, ๋๊ณก๋ CPTED ํ์ฅ์ ํ๊ท ๊ฐ์ ์์น๊ฐ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ด์๋ค๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๊ณต๊ณต ์ธํ๋ผ์ ์ง๊ณผ ์์ด ๋ถ์ถฉ๋ถํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ ํด์ง์ญ์์ ๋์์ฌ์์ฌ์
์ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ ํ์ ์ผ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ค์ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ฌ๊ฐ๋ฐ ๊ณํ์ด ๋์์ฌ์ ์ฌ์
๊ณผ ํผํฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.Urban shrinkage, generally defined as a cityโs continuous population reduction, is a detrimental but unavoidable occurrence. Indeed, the phenomenonโs social, economic, and environmental damage have been widely reported globally. In response to this phenomenon, a new planning paradigm has recently arisen under the various terms โsmart shrinkage,โ โright-sizing,โ and โsmart declineโ that acknowledges depopulation as a long-term component of city plans. Since the mid-2000s, this paradigm has applied to shrinking European and American cities, such as cities in East Germany and the Rust Belt. However, shrinkage plans have rarely been executed successfully in reality.
In light of the background, this dissertation aims to investigate the conditions for successfully implementing shrinkage plans to respond effectively to urban shrinkage. The conditions in this study consist of two components: 1) impediments that hurdle the successful execution of shrinkage plans and 2) opportunities in shrinking urban areas that can be leveraged for the successful operation of the shrinkage plans while potentially mitigating the impacts of the obstacles. The two components were examined in this dissertation, which consisted of three stand-alone papers, and the key findings are as follows.
Paper 1 (Chapter 2): Impediments to Successful Smart Shrinkage Plan Implementation: Evidence from the Case Studies in Detroit and Youngstown
This study explored the obstacles to the successful execution of shrinkage plans and conceptualised their operational routes by conducting a cross-case analysis. The study compared Youngstown and Detroit in the US through document analysis and interviews with planning experts to analyse the impediments. This study discovered that a smart shrinkage plan could face the following challenges during its implementation: the unstable fiscal conditions of shrinking cities; the culture of growth pursuit; the ambiguity of the planโs concepts; the planโs uneven development features; and a lack of detailed strategic guidance. These issues interacted to cause Youngstown and Detroitโs shrinkage plans to be postponed, adopted limitedly, or implemented in fewer regions. In particular, a core path of the barriers was criticism of the plans from residents of downsizing communities. Their collective criticism became a force that slows plan execution or even reorients the planning paradigm.
Although the residents in downsizing communities may feel a sense of loss, isolation, and relative deprivation, the shrinkage situation does not always mean a dead end of despair. Despite ongoing depopulation, their quality of life may be maintained if opportune circumstances are appropriately utilised; this scenario can be the key to mitigating the negative effects of the obstacles to shrinkage plan implementation. The third and fourth chapters examined the potential opportunities for preserving peopleโs quality of life even in shrinking neighbourhoods and districts.
Paper 2 (Chapter 3): Spaces Eliciting Negative and Positive Emotions in Shrinking Neighbourhoods: A Study in Seoul, South Korea Using EEG (Electroencephalography)
This study investigated the environmental and personal characteristics that allow individuals to feel positive emotions and improve their quality of life in a shrinking neighbourhood. A study area was selected in Nangok, a declining neighbourhood in Seoul, South Korea. Individualsโ emotions were analysed using electroencephalography (EEG) and multilinear regression models. This study found that the critical factor in creating positive neighbourhoods is that either urban design factors and their management are satisfied at adequate levels, or residentsโ attachment to the area is actively leveraged for neighbourhood planning and design. Indeed, the experiment results showed that positive emotions were recorded only on a commercial street with social interaction and in a less crowded open space, while the average emotions in all other places were negative (i.e., an open space with social disorder, inactive frontages with CPTED or vandalism, abandoned houses, and vehicle-oriented environments). The results also showed that groups with higher place attachment (i.e., long-term residents or employees of the neighbourhood or women) generally felt more positive emotions than visitors or men. The findings imply that a shrinking neighbourhood can maintain a sense of satisfaction if the area is carefully managed.
Paper 3 (Chapter 4): Attributes of the positive side of urban shrinkage: Evidence from the case studies in Seoul, South Korea
This study examined the opportune circumstances of social, urban planning, environmental, and industrial aspects that allow for improving the remaining peopleโs quality of life in shrinking districts. This study conducted a cross-case analysis of three shrinking districts in Seoul: Sewoon, Seongsu, and Changshin. The results indicated that the following opportune circumstances could arise: collective actions prompted by people feeling despair after shrinkage; the initiation and spread of small-scale projects that replace a grand plan; the availability of less-competitive land and built property for transformative uses; and the rediscovery of local industrial values and know-how. This study found that these attributes influenced the growth of social capital and civic engagement in local planning and the revitalisation of stagnant local economies. All of these consequences are critical to increasing citizensโ quality of life. The findings imply that, even if an urban district declines, opportunities for reinvention may enhance the remaining peopleโs quality of life if stakeholders effectively capitalise on the advantageous features of urban shrinkage.
The implications of this dissertation are as follows. Smart shrink plans should be meticulously designed considering the features and locations of neighbourhoods or districts in a city. In the deteriorated and low-populated areas where reinvestment and redevelopment plans have been delayed, urban shrinkage may last over generations. In this situation, it is essential to preserve the quality of life of the remaining residents by transforming the blighted, decrepit, and stigmatised environments into greenery or public service facilities. In the degraded areas adjacent to the city centres or with adequate population density, the shrinkage is more likely to be temporary rather than chronic. In this case, smart shrinkage plans need to be established with flexibility. As the Sewoon and Seongsu cases showed, the expansion of bottom-up planning engagement and the transformative uses of idle land and property can diversify space types and users. However, as demonstrated by the fact that the average emotions at the CPTED site in Nangok-dong were negative, the effects of urban regeneration projects may be limited in declining areas if the quality and quantity of public infrastructure are insufficient. Accordingly, if necessary, small and medium-sized redevelopments need to be carried out with urban regeneration.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1. Research Background 1
2. Research Objectives 5
3. Research Structure 6
Chapter 2. Impediments to Successful Smart Shrinkage Plan Implementation: Evidence from the Case Studies in Detroit and Youngstown 9
1. New Planning Paradigm Responding to Urban Shrinkage 9
2. Literature Review: Features of Smart Shrinkage Plans 11
2.1. Strategies of the Plans 11
2.2. Risks of a Failure to the Plan Implementation 12
2.3. Potential Barriers to the Plan Implementation 13
3. Research Method and Case Studies 16
3.1. The Youngstown 2010 Citywide Plan 17
3.2. The Detroit Future City Strategic Framework Plan 19
3.3. Data Collection and Analysis 21
4. Results 23
4.1. Impediments to Successful Implementation of Youngstown and Detroit Shrinkage Plans 23
4.2. Operation Paths of the Impediments 26
5. Implications to Mitigate the Impediments 39
Chapter 3. Spaces Eliciting Negative and Positive Emotions in Shrinking Neighbourhoods: A Study in Seoul, South Korea Using EEG (Electroencephalography) 42
1. Environmental Psychology in Shrinking Neighbourhoods 42
2. Literature Review: Characteristics Affecting Emotions 45
2.1. Emotions and Environmental Characteristics 45
2.2. Emotions and Personal Characteristics 47
2.3. Emotion Classification, Measurement, and EEG 47
2.4. Research Hypotheses 50
3. Research Method and Data 51
3.1. Participants 51
3.2. Study Area 52
3.3. Data Collection and Preprocessing 54
3.4. Clustering and Data Analysis 56
4. Results 60
4.1. Negative and Positive Emotions in Nangok 60
5. Development of Shrinking Yet Satisfactory Neighbourhoods 64
Chapter 4. Attributes of the Positive Side of Urban Shrinkage: Evidence from the Case Studies in Seoul 70
1. New Perspective on Urban Shrinkage 70
2. Literature Review: Positive Attributes of Shrinking Districts 73
3. Research Method and Case Studies 75
3.1. Study Areas 76
3.2. Data Collection and Analysis 79
4. Results 81
4.1. Positive Attributes of Shrinkage Observed in Sewoon, Seongsu, and Changshin 81
4.2. Utilisation Processes and Impacts of Positive Attributes of Shrinkage 84
5. Development of Shrinking Yet Liveable Districts 98
Chapter 5. Conclusion 102
1. Research Findings 102
2. Implications and Suggestions for Future Research 105
Acknowledgements 109
References 110
Appendices 123
Abstract in Korean 12
๊ฒฝ์๋ถ์ง ๋ถ์๋ถ ์ํธ๋ฆฌ ์ญ์์ฒด์ ํด์ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ ํด์ ํ๊ฒฝ
Thesis (master`s)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :ํด์ํ๊ณผ,1995.Maste