15 research outputs found
The Observation Type of Primary Students and the Effect of Their Views of Science on Observation Activity in Anomalous Situation
The purpose of this study is to identify how primary students make decision in an anomalous situation of discrepancy between the observation result and their prior knowledge and what is the relationship between their decision and views on science. In this study, the researchers have observed a science class of fifth graders for two months and collected qualitative data such as field note, audio transcript, video-recording, photo and interviews. It is shown that participants experienced three types of subjective observation as listed: expectation-related, theory-dependent and dilemmatic observation. The questionnaire of the students to the views on science reveals that most of them thought highly of empiricism and utility of science. With this result, it is found that they took into account the limitation and provision of experiments while making judgment in an anomalous situation. That is to say, their assessment of experiments and observation is crucial in judgment in the situation that their observation is incompatible with their prior knowledge. The researchers conclude that their views on science may influence their observation and suggest the ways to promote students ability linked to observation.N
κ³Όν κ΄λ ¨ μ¬νμ μμ μ λ€λ£¬ μΈν°λ· λ Όμκ³Ό κ΅μ€ ν λ‘ μμμ μμ¬κ²°μ μμΈ
Since The Bodmer Report in Royal Society (1985), public understanding of science (PUS) has become heeded. Interest in PUS has a connection with a rising concern to socio-scientific issue (SSI). Many issues such as genetically modified food, nuclear waste and electro-magnetic field have emerged due to development in science and technology, and people have come to take part in discussions in these issues, especially on the internet. As an output of publics attitude to science, decision-making on SSI is crucial in PUS. On the other hand, SSI is significant to science education. To achieve scientific literacy, it is important to have a capability of informed decision-making in problems in the real world. In this vein, SSI education provides students with opportunities to experience decision-makings in SSI through the classroom discussion. The previous studies pertaining to SSI education try to reveal the role of science knowledge or view on NOS in decision-making but their roles are still unclear. Thus, this study aims to find out factors in decision-making based on the analysis of internet debate and classroom discussion, for PUS and science education.
This dissertation is composed of three studies. The first study investigates how the public make decision regarding risks in SSI. Centering on the internet debate on the beef importation in 2008, I examined the publics type of risk tolerance and their orientation toward individual or community. The type of risk tolerance implies the way of publics risk perception and risk management for decision-making and the orientation toward individual or community signifies a tendency of prioritization between individual and community. In the first study, I reviewed the internet entries with the keyword of mad cow disease and found about 900 articles on a Korean web board. Among them, I selected 68 entries as most controversial and popular ones. The researching findings show that there were four types of risk tolerance used by the entries: No loss, Minimal loss, Efficiency and Certainty types. No loss type does not tend to take any risk; Minimal loss tries to minimize a risk while acknowledging that any alternative reflects a risk to some extent; Efficiency type follows the most feasible one among the alternatives; and Certainty type selects the familiar alternative despite its risk is bigger than others. In respect to the orientation toward individual or community, pro and contra on the debate is consistent with the orientation toward individual or community. While individual-oriented group opposed to import the beef due to consideration of personal health damage, community-oriented group favored the importation for social benefit. Even people with the same type of risk tolerance were divided pro and contra according to their orientation toward individual or community.
In line with the first study, the second study examines the tendency of the aforementioned factors across socio-scientific issues, and investigates the relationship between the type of risk tolerance and discourse role in the classroom discussion. In the study, I observed 27 undergraduate students in an introductory science course. I designed the course to facilitate students to participate in the discussion on SSIs: the Toyota recall, green car, global warming and Influenza A (H1N1), called as swine flu. The research findings show that students tended to use the same type of risk tolerance across SSIs despite their decision-makings were not consistent. Relatively, their orientation toward individual or community was less consistent. It is likely that personal familiarity with the issue affect their orientation toward individual or community. As well, the study identified students discourse roles with a focus on the process of consensus building. There were six roles shown in the study: Initiator who began the discourse, Critic who refuted the others opinions, Knowledge provider who supplied professional and scientific knowledge to colleagues, Coordinator who played a presider role for balancing, Dreamer who proposed an idea or opinion far beyond the focus of discourse and Follower who kept silence or agreed to others argument. Each type of risk tolerance employed specific discourse roles. Initiator and Coordinator were Minimal loss type, Critic and Knowledge provider were No loss type, Dreamer was Efficiency type and Follower were all kind of types. It seems that the type of risk tolerance is associated with discourse roles.
The third study articulates students views on science and the role of their views in decision-making on four SSIs. The study is comprised of two stages. At first stage, I examined 27 students views on the nature of science (NOS) and on the orientation of science, through the questionnaire combined VNOS (View on Nature of Science) and VOSTS (Views on Science-Technology-Society). The result shows that the students mostly held a similar view on NOS, whereas their views on the orientation of science were distinctive. They held four different views on the orientation of science: pragmatic view stressing the usefulness of science and technology, pro-scientific view concerning about the development of science, communal view regarding science as a cultural artifact of community and ethical view concentrating on the ethical appropriateness in the process of science activities. At the second stage, I selected four students with different views on the orientation of science as a collective case study and analyzed their decision-making process following grounded theory. Consequently, their views on NOS played a limited role in decision-making whereas their decision-makings were more inclined to their views on the orientation of science. While their views on NOS affected identification of the issue and the context, they made use of their views on the orientation of science as a central strategy for decision-making.
In conclusion, this study reveals the factors in decision-makings of the public and students in SSIs: the type of risk tolerance, the orientation toward individual or community, discourse role, view on the nature of science and view on the orientation of science. The orientation toward individual or community and view on the nature of science played a role in identifying the issues, and the type of risk tolerance and view on the orientation of science engage in making strategy for decision-making. The discourse role is involved in the type of risk tolerance.
This study suggests implications for PUS and science education. For PUS, a combination of the type of risk tolerance and the orientation toward individual or community illustrates how the public make decision regarding the risks in the issue. The public understanding of risk shown in the combination implies that plural and balanced ideas are significant in PUS. For science education, the intertwined relationship of risk with decision-making implicates that SSI education needs to be instructed with a focus on the nature of risk. While teaching science contents involved in SSI, students need to understand risks involved in the issues and their impacts on individuals, community and environment. As well, the consistent use of the type of risk tolerance and of views on science point out the need for tailored instruction pertaining to their traits. The interplay between the orientation of science and decision-making suggests a significance of understanding the relationship of science with society. Tailored instruction for the factors in decision-making would contribute to informed decision-making of students.1985λ
μ립ννμμ λμ€ κ³Όν μ΄ν΄ λ³΄κ³ μλ₯Ό λ°κ°ν μ΄ν, λμ€μ κ³Όνμ λν μΈμκ³Ό νλκ° μ£Όλͺ© λ°κΈ° μμνλ€. λμ€ κ³Όν μ΄ν΄μ μΆνμ κ³Όν κ΄λ ¨ μ¬νμ μμ μ μ¦κ°μλ κ΄λ ¨μ΄ μλ€. μ μ μ μ‘°μ μν, ν΅ νκΈ°λ¬Ό, μ μκΈ°μ₯κ³Ό κ°μ κ³Όν κΈ°μ μ΄ κ΄λ ¨λ μμ λ€μ ν΅ν΄ μ¬λλ€μ΄ λ
Όμμ μ°Έμ¬νλλ°, λ°λΌμ μμ¬κ²°μ μ λμ€ κ³Όν μ΄ν΄μμ μ€μν μν μ λ΄λΉνλ€. ννΈ, κ³Όν κ΄λ ¨ μ¬νμ μμ μ κ³Όν κ΅μ‘μμλ λ§€μ° μ€μνλ€. μ΅κ·Ό μ£Όλͺ© λ°κ³ μλ κ³Όν κ΄λ ¨ μ¬νμ μμ μ νμ©ν κ΅μ‘μ ν©λ¦¬μ μμ¬κ²°μ μ μ·¨μ§λ‘ λμ
λκ³ μλ€. μ΄λ μΌμ μν μ μμ μ κ΅μ€ λ΄μμ λ€λ£¨λ κ²μΌλ‘, μμ¬κ²°μ μ μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ κ³Όν μ§μ λλ κ³Όνμ λ³Έμ±μ μν μ΄ μ°κ΅¬λμ΄ μλ€. μ΄μ λ³Έ νμλ
Όλ¬Έμ μΈν°λ· λ
Όμκ³Ό κ΅μ€ ν λ‘ μ ν΅ν΄ μμ¬κ²°μ μ μμΈμ΄ 무μμΈμ§ νμ
νκ³ μ νλ€.
λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμ μΈ κ°μ§ μ°κ΅¬λ‘ ꡬμ±λμ΄ μλ€. 첫 λ²μ§Έ μ°κ΅¬λ μν μμ© μ±ν₯κ³Ό κ°μΈ λλ 곡λ체 μ§ν₯μ μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ λμ€μ μμ¬κ²°μ μ λΆμνμλ€. μν μμ© μ±ν₯μ μνμ μΈμνκ³ νλ¨νλ λ°©μμ λ§νλ©°, κ°μΈ λλ 곡λ체 μ§ν₯μ μμ΅μ κ³ λ €ν λ κ°μΈμ μ
μ₯ λλ 곡λ체μ μ
μ₯μ μ°μ νλμ§ μλ―Ένλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ 2008λ
μμλ μμ
μ κ³ κΈ°μ κ΄λ ¨ν μΈν°λ· λ
Όμμ λμμΌλ‘ 68κ°μ μΈν°λ· κΈμ μ μ νμλ€. μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Ό, ν¬κ² λ€ κ°μ§ ννμ μν μμ© μ±ν₯μ΄ λ°κ²¬λμλ€. μν ννΌ, μν μ΅μν, ν¨μ¨μ± μΆκ΅¬, νμ€μ± μΆκ΅¬μ λ€ κ°μ§ ννλ‘ λλλλ° μν ννΌλ λͺ¨λ ννμ μνμ νΌνλ €κ³ νλ©°, μν μ΅μνλ μν μν©μ λν λΆκ°νΌμ±μ μΈμνκ³ μ΄λ₯Ό μ΅μννλ €λ κ²½ν₯μ λ§νλ€. ν¨μ¨μ± μΆκ΅¬λ μν ν¬κΈ° λΉκ΅μ μκ΄μμ΄ κ°μ₯ ν¨μ¨μ μΈ μ€μ² μ λ΅μ μΆκ΅¬νλ κ²μ λ§νλ©°, νμ€μ± μΆκ΅¬λ μν μμκ° λ λ§λ€ νλλΌλ νμ€νκ³ μ μλ €μ§ κ²μ μ ννλ €λ κ²½ν₯μ λ§νλ€. μ΄λ¬ν μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όλ μ΄μ΅μ κ·Ήλννλ λ°©ν₯μΌλ‘ κ²°μ μ λ΄λ¦¬λ €λ ν©λ¦¬μ μΈ μ‘΄μ¬λ‘μμ μΈκ°μ λν κ°μ μ λ°νλ κ²μ΄λ€. ννΈ λμ€λ€μ μμ¬κ²°μ μ κ°μΈ λλ 곡λ체 μ§ν₯μ±μΌλ‘λ ꡬλΆλλ€. κ°μΈ μ§ν₯μ μΈ κ²½μ°, κ°μΈμ νΌν΄λ₯Ό μ°λ €ν΄ μ κ³ κΈ° μμ
μ λ°λνκ³ λμκ° κ³΅λ체μ μ΄λμ λ°μ‘μ§λ§ 곡λ체 μ§ν₯μ μΌ κ²½μ°μλ 곡λ체μ μ΄μ΅μ λ°μ§ ν, κ°κ°μΈμ μ νμ κ³ λ €νμλ€. κ°μ μν μμ© μ±ν₯μ κ°μ‘λ€ νλλΌλ κ°μΈ μ§ν₯μ μΈμ§ 곡λ체 μ§ν₯μ μΈ μ§μ λ°λΌ μμ
μ κ³ κΈ°μ λν΄ μ°¬μ±κ³Ό λ°λλ‘ λλμ΄μ‘λ€.
λ λ²μ§Έ μ°κ΅¬λ κ³Όν κ΄λ ¨ μ¬νμ μμ μ λ°λΌ λνμλ€μ μν μμ© μ±ν₯κ³Ό κ°μΈ λλ 곡λ체 μ§ν₯μ±μ΄ λ°λλμ§ κ³ μ°°νμλ€. λν νμλ€μ λ΄ν μν μ΄ μμ¬κ²°μ κ³Ό μ΄λ€ κ΄λ ¨μ΄ μλμ§ λΆμνμλ€. λ λ²μ§Έ μ°κ΅¬λ κ΅μ κ³Όν μμ
μ μ°Έμ¬ν 27λͺ
μ λνμλ€μ λμμΌλ‘ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ‘λλ°, 4κ°μ κ³Όν κ΄λ ¨ μ¬νμ μμ μ μ μ ν΄ μ΄μ λν νμλ€μ ν λ‘ μ λΆμνμλ€. μλμ°¨ λ¦¬μ½ λ¬Έμ , μ²¨λ¨ μλμ°¨μ ν¨μ¨μ±, μ§κ΅¬ μ¨λν, λ°±μ μ μ’
μ μμ μ±μ ν λ‘ μ£Όμ λ‘ λ€λ£¨μλ€. μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Ό, νμλ€μ μμ μ κ΄κ³ μμ΄ κ°μ μν μμ© μ±ν₯μ 보μλ€. λΏλ§ μλλΌ μΌλΆ νμλ€μ νμΈμ μν΄ μμ μ΄ μνμ κ°μνλ €λ μ΄νμ μΈ κ²½ν₯μ±λ 보μλ€. μ΄λ λ³΄λ€ ν° κ΄μ μμ μν μ΅μνμ ν¬ν¨λ μ μμ§λ§ νμΈμ μν΄ μμ μ΄ νΌν΄λ₯Ό κ°μνλ €κ³ νλ€λ μ μμ μ£Όλͺ©ν νμκ° μλ€. λ°λ©΄, νμλ€μ κ°μΈκ³Ό 곡λ체μ λν μ§ν₯μ±μ μμ μ λ°λΌ λ°λκΈ°λ νμλλ° μ΄λ μμ μ λν κ°μΈμ κ²½νκ³Ό μΉλ°λκ° κ²½ν₯μ±μ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉ κ²μΌλ‘ μΆμΈ‘λλ€. λ΄ν μν μ κ΄λ ¨ν΄, νμλ€μ ν¬κ² κ°μμ, λΉνκ°, μ 보 μ 곡μ, μ¬νμ, λμμ, λͺ½μκ°μ μ¬μ― κ°μ§ λ΄ν μν μ μννμλ€. κ°κ°μ μν μ νΉμ μν μμ© μ±ν₯κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨μ΄ μμλλ°, κ°μμμ μ¬νμλ μν μ΅μν, λΉνκ°μ μ 보 μ 곡μλ μν ννΌ, λͺ½μκ°λ ν¨μ¨μ± μΆκ΅¬μ μ±ν₯μ λνλλ€.
μΈ λ²μ§Έ μ°κ΅¬λ νμλ€μ κ³Όνμ λν κ΄μ μ μ΄ν΄νκ³ μμ¬κ²°μ κ³Όμ μμ λ―ΈμΉλ μν μ λΆμνμλ€. μΈ λ²μ§Έ μ°κ΅¬λ λ λ¨κ³λ‘ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ‘λλ°, 첫 λ²μ§Έ λ¨κ³μμλ 27λͺ
μ νμλ€μ κ³Όνμ λ³Έμ±κ³Ό κ³Όνμ μ§ν₯μ±μ λν κ΄μ μ μ€λ¬Έμ ν΅ν΄ λΆμνμλ€. μ€λ¬Έμ§λ VNOS μ VOSTSλ₯Ό κ²°ν©ν΄ 12κ°μ κ°λ°©ν μ§λ¬ΈμΌλ‘ ꡬμ±λμλ€. μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Ό, νμλ€μ κ³Όνμ λ³Έμ±μ λν΄μλ λμ²΄λ‘ μ μ¬ν κ΄μ μ 보μμ§λ§ κ³Όνμ μ§ν₯μ±μ λν΄μλ λΉκ΅μ ν° μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό 보μλ€. νμλ€μ κ³Όνμ μ§ν₯μ±μ λν κ΄μ μ ν¬κ² λ€ κ°μ§λ‘ λλλ€. κ³Όνμ μ μ©ν λꡬλ‘μ νλ¨νλ μ€μ©μ κ΄μ , κ³Όνμ λμμλ λ°μ μ κ°μ‘°νλ μΉκ³Όνμ κ΄μ , μ¬ν 곡λ체μ μ μ°μΌλ‘ μ΄ν΄νλ 곡λ체μ κ΄μ , κ³Όν νλμ μ€λ¦¬μ μ ν©μ±μ μ£Όλ‘ λ€λ£¨λ μ€λ¦¬μ κ΄μ μ΄ κ·Έκ²μ΄λ€. λ λ²μ§Έ λ¨κ³μμλ 첫 λ²μ§Έ λ¨κ³μ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό ν λλ‘, κ°μ§ λ€ κ°μ κ³Όνμ κ΄μ μ§λ¨μμ κ° 1λͺ
μ© μ°κ΅¬ λμμλ‘ μ ννμ¬, ν΄λΉ νμλ€μ κ΄μ λ€μ μν₯μ κ·Όκ±° μ΄λ‘ μ κΈ°λ°ν΄ λΆμνμλ€. κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό, κ³Όνμ λ³Έμ±μ λν κ΄μ μ λ¬Έμ μΈμ λ¨κ³λ‘ μ νμ μ΄μμ§λ§ κ³Όνμ μ§ν₯μ±μ μΈμλ μνμ λν μ£Όμ ν΄κ²° μ λ΅μΌλ‘ νμ©λμλ€.
κ²°λ‘ μ μΌλ‘, μ΄λ¬ν μΌλ ¨μ μ°κ΅¬λ€μ κ³Όν κ΄λ ¨ μ¬νμ μμ μ λ€λ£¨λ λμ€κ³Ό νμλ€μ μμ¬κ²°μ μμΈμ λλ¬λΈλ€. μν μμ© μ±ν₯, κ°μΈ λλ 곡λ체 μ§ν₯, λ΄ν μν , κ³Όνμ λ³Έμ± λ° κ³Όνμ μ§ν₯μ±μ λν κ΄μ μ΄ μ£Όμ μμΈμΌλ‘ λ°κ²¬λμλ€. μν μμ© μ±ν₯μ κ°μΈ λλ 곡λ체 μ§ν₯κ³Ό ν¨κ» μμ¬κ²°μ μ κ΅¬λΆ μ§κ³ , λ΄ν μν μ μν μμ© μ±ν₯κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨μ΄ μμλ€. κ³Όνμ μ§ν₯μ±μ λν κ΄μ μ λ¬Έμ μ μ£Όμ ν΄κ²° μ λ΅μΌλ‘ μν₯μ λ―Έμ³€λ€. μ΄λ¬ν μμΈμ λ°κ²¬μ λμ€ κ³Όν μ΄ν΄μ κ³Όν κ΅μ‘μ μμ¬μ μ μ 곡νλ€. λμ€ κ³Όν μ΄ν΄μ μΈ‘λ©΄μμ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ κ²°κ³Όλ μν μμ© μ±ν₯κ³Ό κ°μΈ λλ 곡λ체 μ§ν₯μ ν΅ν΄ λμ€λ€μ΄ κ³Όν κ΄λ ¨ μ¬νμ μμ μμ μ΄λ»κ² μνμ νλ¨νκ³ μμ¬κ²°μ μ νλμ§ μ΄ν΄νλ κ²μ΄ μ€μν¨μ λ§νκ³ μλ€. μ΄λ¬ν μμΈμ λ°λ₯Έ λμ€λ€μ μμ¬κ²°μ ννλ λ€μνκ³ κ· ν μ‘ν μ μκ³Ό μ λ΅λ€μ΄ λ³΄λ€ μ€μν¨μ μμ¬νλ€. κ³Όν κ΅μ‘μ μΈ‘λ©΄μμλ μνμ μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ ν 볡μ‘ν μμ¬κ²°μ κ³Όμ μ ν΅ν΄ κ³Όν κΈ°μ μ λ΄μ¬λ μν μμλ€μ κ°λ₯΄μΉλ κ²μ΄ μ€μν¨μ 보μ¬μ£Όκ³ μλ€. λ¨μ§ κ³Όν μ§μκ³Ό κ°λ
λ§ μ λ¬νλ κ²μ΄ μλλΌ, μ΄μ κ΄λ ¨λ κ°μΈκ³Ό μ§λ¨, μ¬νμ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨λ μν μμλ€μ μλ΄ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ λ³΄λ€ ν©λ¦¬μ μΈ μμ¬κ²°μ μ λμΈ μ μμ κ²μ΄λ€. λν μΌκ΄λ κ³Όνμ λν κ΄μ κ³Ό μν μμ© μ±ν₯μ κ° νμ΅μλ€μ νΉμ±μ λ§κ² κ΅μ νλμ΄ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ ΈμΌ ν¨μ λ»νλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μμ¬κ²°μ κ³Όμ μμ κ³Όνμ μ§ν₯μ±μ΄ μ€μν μν μ λ―ΈμΉλ€λ μ¬μ€μ κ³Όνμ΄ μ¬νμ μΈ λ§₯λ½ μμμ μ΄ν΄λλ κ²μ΄ μ€μν¨μ μ§μνλ€. νμλ€μ μν μμ© μ±ν₯, κ³Όνμ μ§ν₯μ±μ λν κ΄μ λ± λ€μν μμ¬κ²°μ μμΈμ κ³ λ €ν νΉνλ νμ΅ νλμ ν΅ν΄ ν©λ¦¬μ μμ¬κ²°μ μ μ κ³ ν μ μμ κ²μ΄λ€.Docto