4 research outputs found

    Cytotoxic efficacy of genexol[โ“ก]-PM in human hepatoma cell lines :

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    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋‚ด๊ณผํ•™,2003.Maste

    Anodized Aluminum Oxide-based Soft Lithographic Route to 3-dimensional Nanopatterning for Device Applications

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 8. ์ด์ง€ํ™”.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐ๋œ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋‚˜(Anodic aluminum oxide, AAO)๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, AAO template์˜ barrier layer์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ 3์ฐจ์› ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ concave nanopattern์„ ํŒจํ„ด ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ(ๆฏ)ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. AAO template์˜ concave nanopattern์€ replica-molding technique ๋ฐ nanoimprint lithography ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์˜ soft lithography ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ, ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„๊ณผ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜, GaN์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐํŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŒจํ„ด ๋ณต์ œ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์™„์„ฑ๋œ 3์ฐจ์› ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจํ„ด๋“ค์€ ๊ธˆ์† ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด, ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ง€(anti-reflection)๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ง‰ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ ํœ˜๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ(Light-emitting diodes, LEDs)๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ € ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ์‘์šฉ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์‚ฌ ๋œ 3์ฐจ์› ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจํ„ด๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ ์†Œ์ž ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ธˆ์† ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด์ธ AAO template์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ๋ชจ์ ์ธ 1์ฐจ ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™” ๊ณต์ •์„ ๋Œ€์ฒด ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž, ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ 3์ฐจ์› ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจํ„ดํ™” ๊ณต์ •์„ ์ด์šฉ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด one-step์— ์˜ํ•œ 1์ฐจ ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™” ๊ณต์ •๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์˜ ์ •๋ ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ AAO template๋ฅผ ์™„์„ฑ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจํ„ดํ™” ๊ณต์ •์€ soft lithography ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ replica-molding technique๊ณผ nanoimprint lithography ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์„ ์„œ๋กœ ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ์šฉ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ๊ธฐํŒ์— 3์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ฉด์ ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ, ํŒจํ„ด ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™” ๊ณต์ •์— ์˜ํ•œ AAO template์˜ barrier layer ๋‚ด concave nanopattern์„ ํ™œ์šฉ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒจํ„ดํ™” ์ „๋žต์€ ๊ณต์ •์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด one-step์— ์˜ํ•œ 1์ฐจ ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™” ๊ณต์ •๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ AAO template์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ์ •๋ ฌ๋„๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด AAO template ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ, AAO template์˜ concave nanopattern์„ ๋†’์€ ๊ตด์ ˆ๋ฅ ์˜ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ํŒจํ„ด ์ „์‚ฌ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŒจํ„ดํ™” ๊ณต์ •์€ ์•ž์„  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ soft lithography ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. AAO template์˜ concave nanopattern์„ ๋ชจํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ one-step๊ณผ two-step ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ replication ๊ณต์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ ํ•œ ํ›„, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ์กฐ๋œ concave์™€ convex pattern ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž„ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ ์Šคํƒฌํ”„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ํŒจํ„ดํ™” ๊ณต์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ์ž„ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ ์Šคํƒฌํ”„๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ ํƒ์ ์ธ ์‹๊ฐ ๊ณต์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ concave ๋ฐ convex pattern ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ 3์ฐจ์› ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํŒจํ„ด๋“ค์€ ํŒจํ„ด ๋‘๊ป˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด graded-refractive index ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด, ๊ธฐํŒ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ธต ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ตด์ ˆ๋ฅ  ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณต ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์™„์ถฉ์ธต(buffer layer)์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๊ธฐํŒ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด‘๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํŒจํ„ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์—ฌ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ์— ์ž…์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋น›์€ ํŒจํ„ด์ธต์— ์˜ํ•œ multiple reflection์„ ํ†ตํ•ด light-trapping ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ์–ต์ œ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ, ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด๋“ค์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๋†’์€ ๊ตด์ ˆ๋ฅ ์˜ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ด‘๋Œ€์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํŒจํ„ด๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ํƒœ์–‘ ์ „์ง€์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด, ํŒจํ„ดํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์†Œ์ž ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด transmitted solar spectrum irradiance ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ฌ๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, AAO template์˜ concave nanopattern์„ ๊ณ ํœ˜๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ(LEDs)์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ํ™œ์šฉ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ์› ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” ๋œ LEDs๊ฐ€ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด planar reference LEDs ๋Œ€๋น„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ฌ๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ž์„  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, AAO template์˜ concave nanopattern์„ ๋ชจํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, soft lithography ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด GaN-based LEDs ๋‚ด p-GaN ์ธต์— ํŒจํ„ด ์ „์‚ฌ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํŒจํ„ดํ™” ๋œ LEDs ์†Œ์ž๊ฐ€ planar reference LEDs ๋Œ€๋น„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ, ฮผ-photoluminescence(PL)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทœ๋ช… ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 40์ดˆ๊ฐ„ ์‹๊ฐ ๋œ etched profile์˜ LEDs ์†Œ์ž๊ฐ€ planar reference LEDs ๋Œ€๋น„ peak position ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 46% ์ •๋„์˜ PL intensity ์ฆ๊ฐ€์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ PL ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” LEDs ๊ธฐํŒ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ 3์ฐจ์› concave nanopattern ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•ผ๊ธฐ๋œ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, 3์ฐจ์›์˜ concave nanopattern์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํŒจํ„ด์ธต์˜ ์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ์œ ํšจ ๊ตด์ ˆ๋ฅ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ฐœ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํŒจํ„ด์ธต์— graded-refractive index ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ PL ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, LEDs ๊ธฐํŒ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ graded-refractive index ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ง‰์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋˜๋ฉด, ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ LEDs ์†Œ์ž ๋‚ด MQWs๋กœ ์ž…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” pumping laser์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํŒ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ํŒจํ„ดํ™” ๋œ LEDs ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, planar reference LEDs ๋ณด๋‹ค pumping laser๊ฐ€ MQWs์— ์ข€ ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋‹ฌ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด PL ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์—, LEDs ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ถ”์ถœ๋˜๋Š” PL์˜ out-coupling ํšจ์œจ ๋˜ํ•œ ํŒจํ„ดํ™” ๋œ ๊ธฐํŒ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ graded-refractive index ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด planar reference LEDs ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— PL์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, concave nanopattern์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ํŒจํ„ดํ™” ๋œ LEDs ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ PL ํ–ฅ์ƒ ์›์ธ์„ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋ช… ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.In this thesis, I have investigated on two themes: 1) Development of a simple and economical way of fabricating concave and convex 3-dimensional (3D) nano-patterns on the surfaces of flat inorganic substrates such as aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and GaN using anodic aluminum oxide (AAO)-derived templates combined with replica-molding and nanoimprint lithography (NIL) followed by reactive ion etching (RIE) and 2) Application of 3D nano-pattern formation onto Si and GaN wafer surfaces with a view to reduce the reflectivity of Si solar cell and to enhance the efficiency of light emission, respectively. In the first part, 3D nano-patterning processes were systematically studied for transferring concave nano-patterns to various substrate surfaces. Al master templates with 3D concave nano-patterns were made by etching the oxide layer of the AAO and then the pattern of the Al master pattern was transfer onto a replica mold material, UV-curable poly(urethaneacrylate) (PUA), dispensed on the Al master by UV curing. A fully UV-cured PUA stamp was softly peeled off from the aluminum master template. Subsequently, replicated PUA stamp was imprinted on a thin spun-cast poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) resist film on Al, Si and GaN substrates. Finally, concave or convex 3D nano-patterns were obtained after RIE of the resister. The field-emission SEM as well as AFM images showed a well-ordered 3D pattern. The height and detailed geometrical shape of the pattern could be varied by adjusting the etching time. While the conventional AAO-based patterning requires a 2-step anodization process for achieving a well-ordered pattern, the method developed in this study needs only 1-step anodization to make replica mold, which allows a simple and time- and cost-effective 3D pattering with a superior result. It can also be applied to fabricate highly-ordered nanostructures on most valve metal oxides. The developed method was applied for fabricating concave as well as convex 3D nano-patterns onto Si substrates. Optical measurements showed that Si substrates with both concave and convex patterns exhibited a much reduced reflectance in a wide range of wavelength compared with that of a flat Si substrate, especially in the UV region. The reduced reflectivity is attributed to the graded-refractive index originating from the patterned layer. If the 3D pattern is applied to Si solar cells, a significant improvement of the efficiency is expected. Lastly, enhanced light-extraction from GaN-based LEDs was demonstrated with soft lithographically engraved 3-dimensional concave nano-patterns on p-GaN in LEDs. Concavely nanopatterned LEDs showed 46% enhanced PL improvement compared with the planar reference LEDs at the peak position from 440 to 480 nm in wavelength. Similar to the improved antireflection property of 3D patterned Si substrate, the enhanced PL efficiency compared to that of a GaN-based LEDs with no pattern is partly due to the graded-effective refractive index allowing the pumping laser light to be absorbed by the GaN-based LEDs. For the same reason, PL out-coupling of the PL from the LEDs would be also enhanced. In conclusion, 3D nano-patterning process was demonstrated on the basis of time- and cost-effective soft lithographic techniques. This type of nanopatterning strategy was applied to the time- and cost-effective AAO fabrication process, antireflective nanostructures in solar cells based on the Si material and enhanced light-extraction from 3-dimensionally patterned GaN-based LEDs. Experimentally demonstrated results suggest that 3-demensional nano-patterns are very affordable and are quite promising for improving the ultimate efficiency of Si solar cell and LEDs etc.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์š”์•ฝ (๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------โ…ฐ LIST OF TABLE---------------------------------------------------------------------------------โ…ด LIST OF FIGURES-----------------------------------------------------------------------------โ…ต ์ œ 1์žฅ. ์„œ๋ก ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 ์ œ 2์žฅ. ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ(Soft lithography) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์˜ Pre-textured nanopatterns ์ œ์กฐ์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ one-stop ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™” ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ(Anodization process)-----------------------------------------------------------3 2.1. ์„œ๋ก ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 2.1.1. ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™”๋œ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณต ํ˜•์„ฑ ์›๋ฆฌ----------------------------4 2.1.2. ์ •๋ ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์˜ ์ œ์กฐ-----------------------------------------7 2.1.3. ์ž๊ธฐ์ •๋ ฌ๋„(Self-ordered)์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ-------------------------------8 2.1.4. ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ----------------------------------------------------------------------11 2.1.4.1. Maskless lithography---------------------------------------------------------------13 2.1.4.2. Hard imprinting method(Nanoindentation)----------------------------------13 2.1.4.3. Resist-assisted lithography--------------------------------------------------------14 2.1.5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ-----------------------------------------------------------------14 2.2. ์‹คํ—˜------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 2.2.1. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 2.2.1.1. ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„(Aluminum)-----------------------------------------------------------16 2.2.1.2. ์ „ํ•ด์•ก-------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 2.2.1.3. UV ๊ฒฝํ™”์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž----------------------------------------------------------------17 2.2.1.4. Resist ์šฉ๋„์˜ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ฐ•๋ง‰-----------------------------------------------------17 2.2.2. ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ œ์กฐ------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 2.2.2.1. ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™”(Anodization)------------------------------------------------------18 2.2.2.2. ์ž„ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™” ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์˜ ์ œ์กฐ--------------------18 2.3. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ------------------------------------------------------------------------------22 2.3.1. ์ž„ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณต์˜ ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™” ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ ์ œ์กฐ-----------------22 2.3.1.1. ์˜ค๋ชฉ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ๋งˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์ œ์กฐ-------------------------22 2.3.1.2. PUA ์Šคํƒฌํ”„------------------------------------------------------------------------22 2.3.1.3. ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž„ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ-------------------24 2.3.1.4. ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„์ธต ์‹๊ฐ------------------------------------------------------------------28 2.3.1.5. ์‚ฌ์ „ ์‹๊ฐ๋œ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™”---------------------------------31 2.3.1.6. ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต๋ฒ• ์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์žฅ์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ณ„---------------------------33 2.4. ์š”์•ฝ-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36 ์ œ 3์žฅ. ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ(Soft lithography) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ ๋‚ด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ(Anti-reflective structures)์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„๊ณผ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38 3.1. ์„œ๋ก -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38 3.1.1. ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ง‰์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ-------------------------------------------------------------------38 3.1.2. ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ ์œ ๋„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•----------------------------------------------------------39 3.1.3. ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ----------------------------------------------------------------------42 3.1.4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ-----------------------------------------------------------------43 3.2. ์‹คํ—˜-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 3.2.1. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 3.2.1.1. Si wafer--------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 3.2.1.2. ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„(Aluminum)------------------------------------------------------------46 3.2.1.3. ์ „ํ•ด์•ก---------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 3.2.1.4. UV ๊ฒฝํ™”์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž-----------------------------------------------------------------47 3.2.1.5. Resist thin film ์šฉ๋„์˜ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ฐ•๋ง‰-------------------------------------------47 3.2.2. ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ œ์กฐ-------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 3.2.2.1. Master template--------------------------------------------------------------------47 3.2.2.2. ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ concavely dimpled nanopatterns ์ œ์กฐ-------------------48 3.2.2.3. ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ convexly nanopatterned gratings ์ œ์กฐ------------------50 3.2.3. ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„--------------------------------------------------------------------52 3.3. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ-------------------------------------------------------------------------------54 3.3.1. Concavely dimpled nanopatterns์˜ ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€------------54 3.3.1.1. Master template์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ convexly patterned PUA stamp์˜ ์ œ์กฐ-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------54 3.3.1.2. ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž„ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ์— ์˜ํ•œ PUA ์Šคํƒฌํ”„ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ----------56 3.3.1.3. ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„ Concavely dimpled nanopatterns์˜ ์ œ์กฐ---------------56 3.3.1.4. ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋„(Reflectance) ์ธก์ •------------------------------------------------60 3.3.1.5. Bare Si substrate ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ๋ณ„ reflectance ratio---------------------------62 3.3.1.6. ํŒจํ„ด ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ----------------------------------63 3.3.1.6.1. Etched profile์— ์˜ํ•œ graded-refractive index ๊ตฌ์กฐ-------------------65 3.3.1.6.2. ๋น›์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ž€ ํšจ๊ณผ(light-scattering effect)------------------------------------68 3.3.1.6.3. ์ž…์‚ฌ๋œ ๋น›์˜ ํก์ˆ˜ ํšจ๊ณผ(light absorption effect)-------------------------68 3.3.1.7. ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ๊ฐ•์  ๋ฐ ์‘์šฉ--------------------------------------------------------------69 3.3.1.7.1. ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ๋ณ„ ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํˆฌ๊ณผ๋„---------------------------------------------71 3.3.1.7.2. ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ๋ณ„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํˆฌ๊ณผ๋„์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋น„๊ต--------------------------------72 3.3.1.8. ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ํŒจํ„ดํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํƒœ์–‘ ์ „์ง€ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ์‘์šฉ----------74 3.3.2. Convexly nanopatterned gratings์˜ ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€-----------77 3.3.2.1. 2-step replication ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ concavely patterned PUA stamp์˜ ์ œ์กฐ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77 3.3.2.2. ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž„ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ ๊ณต์ •์— ์˜ํ•œ PUA stamp ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ---79 3.3.2.3. ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„ convexly nanopatterned gratings์˜ ์ œ์กฐ---------------81 3.3.2.4. ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋„ ์ธก์ •------------------------------------------------------------------83 3.3.2.5. Bare Si substrate ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ๋ณ„ reflectance ratio---------------------------86 3.3.2.6. ํŒจํ„ด ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ----------------------------------88 3.3.2.7. ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ๊ฐ•์  ๋ฐ ์‘์šฉ--------------------------------------------------------------89 3.3.2.7.1. ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ๋ณ„ ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํˆฌ๊ณผ๋„---------------------------------------------89 3.3.2.7.2. ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ๋ณ„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํˆฌ๊ณผ๋„์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋น„๊ต--------------------------------90 3.3.3. Concave pattern๊ณผ convex pattern์˜ ๋น„๊ต---------------------------------------92 3.4. ์š”์•ฝ-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------96 ์ œ 4์žฅ. ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ผ(Soft lithography) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ 3์ฐจ์› ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ (Platform) ๊ตฌํ˜„๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์งˆํ™” ๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ(Light-emitting Diodes, LEDs) ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€------------------------------------98 4.1. ์„œ๋ก -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------98 4.1.1. Top-down ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ LEDs์˜ ์ œ์กฐ-----------------------------------104 4.2. ์‹คํ—˜------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------105 4.2.1. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------105 4.2.1.1. ์งˆํ™”๋ฌผ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด---------------------------------------------------------------------105 4.2.1.2. ์–‘๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™” ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„(Anodic alumina)--------------------------------------106 4.2.1.3. Replica-molding์„ ์œ„ํ•œ UV ๊ฒฝํ™”์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž-------------------------------108 4.2.1.4. ์„ ํƒ์  ๊ฑด์‹๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ resist์šฉ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ฐ•๋ง‰------------------------------108 4.2.2. ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ œ์กฐ------------------------------------------------------------------------------109 4.2.2.1. Top-down ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐ๋œ LEDs--------------------------------------------109 4.2.3. ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„--------------------------------------------------------------------112 4.2.3.1. Micro-photoluminescence(ฮผ-PL)---------------------------------------------112 4.2.3.2. ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋„(Reflectance)-----------------------------------------------------114 4.3. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ-----------------------------------------------------------------------------115 4.3.1. Soft lithography ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ LEDs ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ---------------------------115 4.3.1.1. Master template์˜ ์ œ์กฐ---------------------------------------------------------115 4.3.1.2. Replica-molding ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž„ํ”„๋ฆฐํŠธ์šฉ ์Šคํƒฌํ”„์˜ ์ œ์กฐ-------------115 4.3.1.3. ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ ๋ฐ resist pattern ๋‚ด ์ž”๋ฅ˜์ธต ์ œ๊ฑฐ---------------------------117 4.3.1.4. ์งˆํ™”๊ฐˆ๋ฅจ์ธต์˜ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฑด์‹๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด ์ „์‚ฌ--------------------------117 4.3.1.5. ํŒจํ„ด ์ „์‚ฌ๋œ LEDs ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ PL ์ธก์ •----------------------------------------120 4.3.1.6. ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์˜ ์›์ธ ๋ถ„์„-----------------------------------------------123 4.3.1.6.1. ํŒจํ„ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ ํšจ๊ณผ------------------------------------123 4.3.1.6.2. ํŒจํ„ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‹ค์ธก ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ๋„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ------------------------------------124 4.3.1.6.3. ํŒจํ„ด์— ์˜ํ•œ graded-refractive index ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ํšจ๊ณผ-----------126 4.4. ์š”์•ฝ-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------130 ์ œ 5์žฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------132 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------135 Abstract------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------141Docto
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