퍼시 비시 셸리와 발터 벤야민의 저작에 나타나는 폭력의 문제

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 비교문학전공, 2017. 2. 한서린.The organizing idea of the study is that both Shelley and Benjamin problematize an instrumental conception of language because it constitutes the basic workings of structural violence. Shelley's essay A Philosophical View of Reform is a classic statement in this vein, where he presents a schematic history of tyranny in Europe as one of imposture, a perversion of "names" that redounds to the advantage of oppressive powers. Against this linguistic scheme of violence Shelley advances a poetics of objective mimesis, a language that is "vitally metaphorical" in that it becomes the picture of "integral thoughts" rather than abstract "signs." This is remarkably similar to Benjamin's early critique of the instrumentalist view of language as a means, a "mere sign," as opposed to the immediate (i.e. not being a means), cognitively potent "name" of Adamic language. Benjamin develops the notion of immediacy further in his Critique of Violence, where the mediate legal violence is set against the immediate, law-destroying divine violence. The latter revolutionary violence is closely associated with the concept of Darstellung (representation) that he puts forward in the "Epistemo-Critical Prologue," which, again, is comparable to Shelley's preoccupation with the revolutionary potential of the expressive faculty of language. In the chapter on Shelley's The Cenci, I probe into the nature of violence that Cenci perpetrates against his family, which consists in a coercion to infamy, a deliberate perversion of the family name that comes to consummation with Beatrice's parricide. Cenci's curse is the figuration of his off-stage incestuous rape, injecting guilt into his daughter and thereby corrupting both her body and soul. The play ends with Beatrice's bitter acknowledgement that her "innocent name" has been ruined by the father's imprecation. Her parricide is essentially an act of casuistry, another name for mediate violence that is sufficient neither to exonerate her guilt nor to overthrow the oppressive patriarchal power-nexus. The next chapter on The Mask of Anarchy is organized around the idea that the two authors each draws from his philosophy of language in order to tackle the problem of violence. Shelley's envision of the role of the poet has many important parallels to Benjamin's conception of the task of philosophical writing as Darstellung, which is deeply tied to the concept of divine violence. The Mask of Anarchy dramatizes on the textual level the workings of poetic language which effectively combat against the semantic perversion of the state.1. Introduction 1 1.1. The Problem of Violence 1 1.2. The Problem-Historical Context 7 2. Name-Depriving Violence 13 2.1. The Fall of Human Language and the Mythic Origin of Law 13 2.2. Melancholy of Nature and Guilt 24 2.3. Law as Fate 29 2.4. The Mediacy of Legal Violence 33 3. "Innocent Name" and "Jealous Laws": A Critique of Violence in The Cenci 37 3.1. Father, Tyrant, God: Religion and Law as a Guilt Context 40 3.2. "Innocent Name": The Dialectic of Truth and Tyranny 58 3.3. Casuistry and the Entrapment in history 74 4. Poetic Language and Revolutionary Violence 78 4.1. Oppressive Fiction and Poetics of Mimesis 78 4.2. Pure Means, Darstellung, and the Possibility of Divine Violence 90 4.3. Volcanic Eruption of Language: The Mask of Anarchy 97 5. Conclusion 104 Bibliography 106 국문초록 111Maste

Maximum Standard Uptake Value as a Clinical Biomarker for Detecting Loss of SMAD4 Expression and Early Systemic Tumor Recurrence in Resected Left-Sided Pancreatic Cancer

This study investigated the oncologic impact of loss of SMAD4 expression in resected left-sided pancreatic cancer and its correlation with tumor metabolism.From 2005 to 2011, the medical records of patients who underwent radical distal pancreatectomy for resectable pancreatic cancer were retrospectively reviewed. Formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue from 32 patients was investigated. Clinicopathological characteristics, immunostaining of SMAD4, and positron emission tomography-based parameters were analyzed in relation to oncologic outcomes.Thirteen patients were women and 19 were men, with a mean age of 63 ± 9.4 years. Mean resected tumor size was 3.3 ± 1.5 cm. Ten patients (31.3%) showed loss of SMAD4 expression. No significant clinicopathological differences were noted according to SMAD4 expression (P > 0.05); however, patients with loss of SMAD4 showed significantly poorer disease-free survival (mean 57.4 months vs mean 17.6 months, P = 0.006). As a cut-off value, a SUVmax of 4.5 was found to be predictive of loss of SMAD4 with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 84.6%. In logistic regression analysis, SUVmax>4.5 was found to infer a 16-fold higher risk for loss of SMAD4 in resected left-sided pancreatic cancers (Exp[β] = 16.5, P = 0.012, 95% confidence interval: 1.832-148.606).Loss of SMAD4 is associated with poor oncologic outcomes. SUVmax can predict loss of SMAD4 in resected left-sided pancreatic cancer. SUVmax may be a clinical biomarker for detecting loss of SMAD4 expression and predicting early systemic metastasis.ope

The Effect of Early Entrance to College of Science High School Students on Academic Performance, Satisfaction and Extended Stay

최근 교육부는 과학고등학교 발전방안의 하나로 조기 졸업 학생의 비율을 20%로 제한하는 정책을 실시하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 과학고등학교 조기졸업 여부가 대학에서의 학업성취도, 만족도, 재학기간에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석함으로써, 조기졸업과 일반졸업 집단 간의 대학 적응 정도를 비교하고, 교육부의 과학고 조기졸업 제한 정책의 타당성을 확인하는 데 있다. 분석 자료로 한국직업능력개발원에서 제공하는 한국교육고용패널(KEEP) 2007-2014년의 8개년도 데이터를 활용하였으며, 선택 편의(selection bias)를 보정하기 위하여 경향점수매칭(propensity score matching) 방법으로 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 대학 학업성취도와 관련하여 조기졸업 집단의 2학년 학점이 일반졸업 집단보다 높았다. 그러나 다른 학년 및 전학년 평균 학점에서는 두 집단 간 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 한편 대학 만족도와 대학 재학기간에 미치는 영향은 집단 간 차이가 통계적으로 유의한 수준은 아니었다. 이러한 결과는 조기졸업 집단이 일반졸업 집단과 비교해 최소한 비슷하거나 일정 부분 우수한 대학 학업성취도를 달성하고 있으며, 대학 만족도와 대학 재학기간에도 유의한 차이를 보일 정도의 부적 영향을 받지 않았음을 보여준다. 결론적으로 조기졸업 집단은 3년의 교육과정을 2년 만에 압축적으로 이수했음에도 불구하고 일반졸업 집단에 비해 인지적 결손과 만족도 차이 없이 대학에 적응하였다고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 분석 결과는 3년의 고등학교 교육과정을 강조한 정부의 과학고 조기졸업 제한 정책을 재고할 필요가 있음을 시사한다.This study aims at analyzing the effect of science high school students acceleration to college on academic performance, satisfaction and extended stay of college students. For an empirical analysis, we took advantage of extensive data derived from KEEP (Korean Education and Employment Panel) from 2007 to 2014 of 282 science high school students. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to minimize the selection bias. We compared accelerated group to the others to compare the effect of early entrance to college. The results show that, accelerated students showed higher academic performance in the second year of college and did not fall behind from other students on GPA of other grades, college satisfaction and also in extended stay. Accelerated students skipped a school year and entered college earlier than cohorts, nevertheless they well-adjusted to college compared to other students. Based on the findings, we suggest useful implications for future directions on the recent policy of Ministry of Education on limiting early entrance to 20% which used to be up to 80% of science high school graduates