The Core Tasks and Promotional Strategies of the National Competency Standards

본 연구의 목적은 능력 중심 사회 구현을 위한 국가직무능력표준 핵심 과제를 도출하고 추진 전략을 모색하는 데 있다. 이에 따른 세부 목적은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 능력 중심 사회 구현을 선도할 수 있는 실행 가능한 NCS 핵심 과제를 제시한다. 둘째, NCS의 활용 목적과 범위를 명확히 하고, 단계별 성취를 위한 전체적이고 체계적인 로드맵을 제시한다.The Government is promoting the unification of education, vocational training, and qualifications, through constructing the National Competency Standards (NCS) as a core mechanism for saying no to society dominated by academic cliques and going for competency-centered society. The NCS will play a role as core infrastructure for realizing the future great power of talented people. Thus, this study analyzed domestic and foreign trends related to NCS, and then drew core tasks needed to lead relevant policies. Then, this study derived promotional strategies and a road map that would innovate education and training system to meet industrial demand. The core tasks of NCS suggested in this study were 1) the development of NCS, 2) the development of NCS learning modules, 3) the utilization of NCS-based education & training courses, 4) the plans for the operation of NCS-based qualification system, 5) the introduction and test operation of competency evaluation system, 6) the introduction of national qualification framework (NQF), and 7) the construction of governance for the operation of NCS and NQF. First, as for the development of NCS, the consultative system of NCS-related industrial organizations and occupational organizations should be constructed; areas should be classified in consideration of occupational system; similar sub-classifications should be integrated in the development of NCS; levels of competency units should be established in consideration of application fields; the core contents and methods of evaluation should be presented; criteria for the selection of NCS development institution should be presented; NCS development experts should be supported; and collaborative system between NCS development institutions should be constructed. Second, as for the development of NCS learning modules, it should be developed considering collaboration in the processes of NCS development; the promotion of application, utilization, dissemination, and policy research for NCS and learning modules; and the building of a network for the industry-led development and specialized utilization of NCS. Third, as for the utilization of NCS-based vocational education & training courses, vocational education and training systems should be improved by the active participation of industrial enterprises; and systematic education & training courses should be developed and the certification support system should be substantialized using the NCS information system. Fourth, as for plans for the operation of NCS-based qualification system, the NCS-based qualification system should minimize confusion among qualification acquisitors through the direct linkage to NCS-based NQF, and changes in qualification system. Then, operation plans should be prepared in consideration of the NCS-based vocational education & training, on-the-job training, the types of qualification. Fifth, as for the introduction of competency evaluation system, the introduction of competency evaluation system linked to NCS should be promoted on a trial basis. In addition, NCS and competency evaluation system should be actively provided to persons in charge of personnel management in private enterprises. Sixth, as for the introduction of NQF, the roles of NQF should be the quality control and the presentation of diverse learning routes to secure the practical actuality of diverse NCS-based qualifications. Seventh, as for governance for the operation of NCS and NQF, the core organization of NCS governance should control the certification system as a deliberative organization and general management organization to guarantee the development and quality of the NCS and learning modules; support development organizations; and promote the construction of the NQF. The promotional strategies for putting into the practice were 1) to build collaborative system and create cooperative governance among related governmental departments and agencies, 2) to construct infrastructure for the expansion and dissemination of NCS education & training courses, 3) to introduce competency evaluation systems both in the public and private sectors, 4) to designate and operate an agency supervising the promotion of NCS and prepare plans for administrative, financial and institutional operation, and 5) to build the foundation for establishment through the trial application of NQF. The 5-year road map for the implementation of NCS promotional strategies were 1) conducting research projects on NCS, 2) revising NCS, 3) developing and modifying NCS learning modules, 4) assuring the quality of NCS-based education & training courses, and 5) disseminating of NCS-based education & training courses.요약 vii 제1장 서 론_1 제1절 연구의 필요성 및 목적 3 제2절 연구의 내용 및 방법 6 제2장 NCS 정책 동향_13 제1절 NCS 관련 국정 과제 동향 15 제2절 NCS 관련 법 동향 21 제3절 NCS 정책 동향에 따른 핵심 과제 도출 27 제4절 NCS 운영 해외 사례 29 제3장 NCS 핵심 과제_49 제1절 NCS 개발 51 제2절 NCS 학습모듈의 개발 63 제3절 NCS 교육훈련과정 활용 80 제4절 NCS 기반 자격제도 운영 방안 102 제5절 직무능력평가제 도입 및 시범 운영 114 제6절 국가역량체계(NQF)의 도입 144 제7절 NCS 및 NQF 운영을 위한 거버넌스 160 제4장 NCS 추진 전략 및 로드맵_175 제1절 NCS 추진 전략 177 제2절 NCS 추진 로드맵 182 SUMMARY_191 참고문헌_195 부 록_205 1. NCS 학습모듈 개발계획서 양식 207 2. NCS 학습모듈(안) 21

Family Metaphors and Familism in the Homeroom Institution of Korean Schools : Continuities and Changes

2012년과 2013년 사이에 나는 서울시의 중등학교 교사들을 대상으로 면담 연구를 실시하였다. 연구의 시발점은 전지구화와 관련한 교육환경의 변화가 교사들의 교육모델에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는가의 문제였다. 면담에서 교사들에게 자신의 교육철학 및 교육적 실천에 대하여 비유를 들어 서술해 줄 것을 요청하였다. 이는 비유적 표현을 통해 교육의 문화적 모델을 추론하기 위한 것이었으며 교육활동의 다양한 영역에 대하여 그러한 질문이 주어졌다. 이 과정에서 교육의 주요한 문화적 모델이 하나의 비유군을 통해 드러났다. 그 비유군은 이른바 가족 비유로서 실상 나 자신의 교사 경험을 통해 매우 익숙하게 알고 있었던, 그러나 어느 정도는 잊고 있었던 비유들이었기 때문에 놀랍게 다가왔다. 무엇보다도 나를 놀라게 했던 것은 가족비유에 있어서만큼은 교사들이 20년 전과 다르지 않았던 점이었다. 이후의 분석 단계에서 가족 비유는 교육 문화의 지속뿐만 아니라 변모를 지시하고 있다는 것을 깨닫게 되었지만 말이다.This article examines the homeroom class as a cultural institution in South Korean schools, with particular reference to the affective tie between the homeroom teacher and the students. Homeroom is a universal feature of Korean schooling at both primary and secondary levels, in which a group of students are assigned to a teacher for one academic year for general guidance in their education. Based on two ethnographic research studies among middle school teachers in the early 1990s and the early 2010s respectively, I find continuities as well as some significant changes in the psychocultural underpinnings of the homeroom institution. A strong continuity was that teachers view raising persons as the ultimate educational goal and center their educational practices on the building of affective ties modeled after the one between the parent and the child, in order to achieve the goal of raising persons. Practicing a parents heart then becomes an educational imperative, by which students are viewed as ones children to be cared for with jeong. This familial model is most strongly applied within the boundary of a homeroom class, as manifest in family metaphors employed by teachers. One remarkable change was that compared to the early 1990s, when a homeroom functioned as a collective unit for educational achievements, in the early 2010s, a homeroom has come to be positioned more as an affective community for sociability

North Korean Refugees' Emotionality and Its Social Implications: A Perspective from Cultural Psychology

이 글의 가장 일차적인 초고는 남북사회문회통합연구팀의 학술세미나(2003. 5. 8~5. 9)에서 발표되었다.이 글은 탈북 청소년들의 문화심리적인 특성과 남한 사회에서의 적응 그리고 그와 관련하여 남북한의 문화심리적 차이를 검토한다. 탈북 청소년들을 지속적으로 접하는 남한 사람들이 흔히 지적하는 것 중의 하나가 감정성이다. 탈북 청소년들이 감정의 고저가 심하며, 감정 표현이 극적이라는 관찰이 그것이다. 매우 정감이 넘치다가도, 남한 사람들의 입장에서 볼 때 대인 관계의 기본적인 코드에서 벗어날 정도로 직설적"으로 자신의 감정과 의사를 표현하기도 한다는 것이다. 좀 더 부정적으로는 "공격적인 성향"이 강하여 쉽게 폭력을 행사한다고 지적된다. 이 글은 탈북 청소년들이 감정적이라면, 어떠한 기준으로 볼 때 그러한지, 그들의 감정성은 구체적으로 어떤 양상으로 나타나며, 그로 인해 남한 사회에서의 적응이 어떻게 영향을 받는지를 논의한다. 또한 감정성이 탈북 청소년들의 일반적인 심리적 경향이라면 그것이 남북한의 문화심리적 차이에 대해 시사하는 바는 무엇인지 역시 이 글에서 다루고자 하는 주요한 질문이다. This paper examines a psychological and behavioral characteristic of North Korean refugees living in South Korea and its implications for their social adjustment in the South. South Koreans working closely with refugees from the North commonly point out marked emotionality among them, while new comers complain of difficulties in social communication with existing residents. North Korean refugees themselves acknowledge their emotional style as different from the dominant one in the South Korean society. They assume strong emotional ties among themselves, and are critical of South Koreans being emotionally "superficial." On the contrary, South Korean residents often view them as violent, unpredictable, and unruly. It appears that these two groups of people subscribe to different cultural models of emotion and person. This has a serious implication for both the adjustment of refugees in the South and social integration between the two Koreas in the future. This paper, based on interview and participant observation, presents an ethnographic account of the refugees' emotionality, e.g., in what context it is observed, how it is perceived, and how it affects their social life. Further, it points to the different historical trajectories of the two Koreas-one based on a capitalist and the other a socialist economy-as a source of the development of different cultural models of emotion. In so doing, it attempts a possible theoretical formulation that links the intensity of emotional experience, the degree of public display of emotion and structural features of the society at the macro-level, particularly class system.이 논문은 2002년도 한국학술진흥재단의 지원에 의하여 연구되었음(KRF-2002-073-BM2004)

Study on Qualification in Service Industry(III): Focused on Personal Service

본 연구의 목적은 서비스산업 중 개인서비스업의 교육훈련, 고용 및 국내외 자격 실태를 분석하여 기존 자격에서 나타나는 문제점에 대한 개선 방안을 제시하고, 새롭게 요구되는 개인서비스업 자격을 발굴하며, 정책과 추후 과제를 제시하는 것이다. 구체적인 하위 연구 목표는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개인서비스업 분야 자격 현황과 실태를 조사하고, 자격의 활용성과 자격제도의 적절성을 종합적으로 분석하여, 기존 개인서비스업 자격의 문제점과 개선 방안을 도출하고, 둘째, 국내외 개인서비스업 관련 양성, 고용, 인력 수급 및 자격 현황에 대한 조사 분석에 기반하여 개인서비스 신설 자격과 자격(안)을 발굴하고, 셋째, 개인서비스업 종사자의 전문성 강화 및 지원을 위한 정책과 세부 사업 도출 그리고 정책 추진에 필요한 종합 계획 수립, 실행 연구 주제 등 추후 연구 과제를 제언하는 데 목적이 있다.This research aims to suggest a solution for the issue raised out of an existing qualification through the comprehensive analysis on the current state in qualification of personal service amid service industry, and thus to develop the newly-demanded qualification in personal service. To attain these goals, the significance, the current state of personal service and its VET have been examined along with an analysis of qualification''s utilization and proposition of drawback, solution, etc., based on the results of research. For the foreign personal service qualification and current state of occupation, those of Japan, France, Germany, Britain and the US were researched and analyzed in comparison with the domestic. The examination for the suitability of a newly-developed qualification was proceeded following the preparation of the criteria and course for its selection to create the demand for it. The further study was offered along with the cultivation of business and the measure related to the qualification system and job creation. The methodology utilized was literature analysis, professions council, survey ,interview, etc. For its current state, there are about 239 of personal service qualifications with private qualification of more than 70% among them. In this study the portions of service provision and production with management for the personal service qualifications of 239 were compared, while a personal service was prescribed to be ''a job creating profits by satisfying the customer''s demand with individual provision of service''. Among them, the qualifications with higher portion in service-related job were chosen for the examination study. In case of private qualifications, 84 of them were chosen at last for the examination on the preferential basis of repetitions in job specifications between them. For the utilization of personal service qualification, that of hotel manager(3.70), hotel servant(3.61), tour guide-interpreter(3.66), etc. was appeared to be relatively high among the national qualifications in its governing law, while that of race official(2.86) was low. The utilization in qualification of craftsman such as cook, blowfish(4.0), industrial engineer such as cook, blowfish(3.98), industrial engineer, Chinese food(3.97), patissier(3.94), jeweller(3.94), craftsman in gas(3.87), industrial engineer in boiler(3.84), etc. was upheld among the national technical qualifications. Especially, all the qualifications in the fields of accommodation and restaurant scored the high degree of application above the level of 3.5. By and large the degree of utilization of national technical qualification in personal service was above 3.0, higher than the private qualification. Among the private qualifications, the utilization was presented to be high in the order of a barista(3.82), funeral manager(3.74), shoe fitter(3.66), pet groomer(3.56), etc. The qualification such as international naming consultant(2.97) or dowser(2.98) was in lower use. For drawbacks and corrective measures for them in personal service qualification, it was founded that a lack of demand in the industrial field and specialization begat the lower the degree of utilization as a drawback at large. Wholesalers, retailers, accommodations and restaurants lacked specialization, while arts, sports, and leisure services lacked a legal basis. Associations, groups, repairs and other miscellaneous personal services were questioned for the absence of systematic and transnational qualification. As the biggest issue raised was that it was strewn with difficulties in the job performance despite the acquisition of qualification in case of a national qualification in personal service, there were numerous voices for the improvement in examination methods and strengthened courses of training as possible solutions. For the private qualification, a lack of utilization and profession of qualification was mainly pointed out for ambiguity of job boundary and its detail as well as absence of systematic education. For corrective measures, it was suggested that the higher quality assurance and profession of qualification needed to be ensured from tightening the evaluation of the agency in charge of examination and management of a qualification. The criteria for development of new personal service qualification was determined to be the degree of demand for service, profession, need for recognition of competency, job availability, etc. There are 15 newly developed qualifications in jobs such as temple food specialist, catering service, carver, industrial engineer in beverage management, eco-friendly golf course manager, shoe fitter, etc. Although the national qualification showed higher degree of utilization than that of the private in labor market, appropriate examination is inevitable for the relevant assignment in development of new national qualifications as it means a greater burden with social cost incurred for the government to nationalize all the necessary qualifications. It was found that most of personal service workers prefers the national and national technical qualifications with a particular favor of certified private qualification in the fields such as arts, sports and leisure services. Apparently the private qualification should be basically designed and managed by the lead of concerned association or group, while its maintenance is continued by the registration as a private qualification under the supervision of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. If necessary, the objectivity and reliability as much as the level of national qualification can be obtained between the qualification holder and consumer by the concerned department preparing the related authorization procedures of for the certified private qualification. Among the 15 qualifications ‘craftsman motor vehicles maintenance’ and ‘craftsman motor cycles maintenance’ were found appropriate to be national qualifications as a result of collection views from researchers and professionals in qualification for the type of newly-developed personal service qualifications based on the criteria of selection for national qualification. The mid-long term measures deducted are the enhancement of profession in cultivation and qualification system, establishment of support system, organization and management of funding for cultivation and support, etc. Firstly the measure of enhancement of profession in cultivation and qualification system is comprised of NCS development, recognition of curriculum and qualification of specialized education and training, criteria development for evaluation of qualification management, amelioration and linkage to employment of existing qualification, measure recognizing sole proprietor''s personal service, etc. The measure of establishment of support system deals with review of its project and legislation, regularization of council for employment and qualification, composition and management of sector council, and establishment and management of platform agency. Also the measure of organization and management of funding for cultivation and support suggested to support education and training as well as reeducation of small business, project for organizing supportive funding, building up and utilization of the online community. The further studies were suggested in three fields- comprehensive planning, implementation of research project and quality assurance. Firstly the comprehensive planning study for the departmental integration of government, research on the current state and measure of enhancing competitiveness were suggested for the detailed research. For the research project, the study was suggested in development of job specification and NCS, composition of professional qualification and supportive research, establishment and management of qualification, evaluation of performance and drawback, job specification and qualification in amalgamating fields, establishment of sector council, etc. The detailed study in quality assurance was proposed in the research on the evaluation and recognition system of training and qualification, establishment of performance management system related to cultivation, qualification and employment, infra-structure for the enhancement of profession, etc.요약 제1장 서 론_1 제1절 연구의 배경, 필요성 및 목적3 제2절 연구의 범위, 내용 및 방법8 제3절 자격 관련 선행 연구와 이론적 배경16 제2장 개인서비스업 관련 현황_33 제1절 서비스산업의 특징35 제2절 개인서비스업의 범위 및 중요성39 제3절 개인서비스업 현황44 제4절 개인서비스업의 관련 직업 현황53 제5절 개인서비스업 교육훈련 현황77 제6절 요약 및 시사점93 제3장 개인서비스업 자격의 문제점 및 개선 방안_97 제1절 개인서비스업 자격 현황99 제2절 개인서비스업 자격의 활용성 분석108 제3절 개인서비스업 자격의 문제점 및 개선 방안139 제4절 요약 및 시사점149 제4장 국외 개인서비스업 자격 및 직업 현황_153 제1절 일본의 자격 및 직업 현황155 제2절 프랑스의 자격 및 직업 현황166 제3절 독일의 자격 및 직업 현황184 제4절 영국의 자격 및 직업 현황203 제5절 미국의 자격 및 직업 현황214 제6절 요약 및 시사점224 제5장 개인서비스업 자격의 신설 수요_229 제1절 개인서비스업 자격 신설의 방향231 제2절 자격 발굴 절차235 제3절 발굴 자격(안)의 적합성 조사 및 운영 방향242 제4절 요약 및 시사점250 제6장 정책 및 추후 연구 과제 제언_253 제1절 종합 시사점255 제2절 정책 제언258 제3절 추후 연구 과제 제언269 SUMMARY_275 참고문헌_281 부 록_289 [부록 1] 개인서비스업 자격 분류(한국표준산업분류 기준)291 [부록 2] 개인서비스업종별 설문지295 [부록 3] 개인서비스업 자격 신설(안) - 총 15개32

The Maternal Side of the North Korean Family State : The Case of the Medical Care Sector

이 글은 북한 보건의료부문의 선전선동에서 사용되는 토착심리학적 담론을 분석함으로써 북한 가족주의 체제의 중요한 차원 하나가 모성성에 있음을 보여주고자 한다. 보건의료부문의 사상적 지침이자 대중동원체제인 정성운동은 가족 관계에서 배태되는 토착심리학적 범주들을 조직적으로 담론화하고, 그럼으로써 공산주의라는 외래 이데올로기를 토착심리의 지평 속으로 끌어들이는 효과를 거둔다. 이때 핵심이 되는 토착심리학적 범주인 육친적 사랑과 정성은 가족 관계 중에서도 모-자녀 관계에 토대한 것인바, 김일성과 김정일의 저작, 로동신문의 기사문, 그리고 보건의료부문 선전영화는 모-자녀 관계의 애착과 정신역동이 정치화되는 것을 일관되게 보여준다. 보건의료부문의 선전선동에서 모성적 주제가 두드러지는 것은 당이 곧 어머니이며, 보건의료부문 종사자들은 어머니당의 보살핌을 최전선에서 수행하는 전사들이라는 것과 연결된다. 보건의료부문의 사례는 특히 당의 역할을 고려할 때 북한 국가체제의 가족주의적 성격이 부-자 중심의 유교적 가치만으로는 설명되지 않는다는 점을 예시한다.While the North Korean family state has been largely accounted for in terms of the patrilineal and patriarchal principles of Confucianism, this article argues for the maternal side of the North Korean family state, by examining familial metaphors employed in the propaganda efforts in the medical care sector. Maternal love and care is figured centrally in the familial metaphors in the three sites of propaganda efforts examined in this article: writings of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il, model cases reported on Rodong Sinmun, and a propaganda film. A case in point is the popular campaign of the medical care sector, called devotion movement. The campaign illustrates that the primordial attachment and psychodynamics nurtured in the mother-child dyad is appropriated for the loyalty to the Party, by way of care narratives that profusely utilize certain cultural categories of affect closely related to mothering. This well resonates with the fact that the Party is called the Mother in North Korea, the medical care workers being Her warriors

"Junior Highs Are Crazy": The American Ethnopsychology of Early Adolescence

이 글에서 나는 사춘기에 대한 미국인들의 민속심리적(ethnopsychological) 모델을 검토함으로써 사춘기에 대한 문화적 정의는 사춘기를 둘러싼 사회문화적 환경의 중요한 일부로서, 사춘기가 실제로 어떻게 경험되는가에 직접적인 영향을 미친다는 점을 논의한다. 민속심리적 모델이란 민속 모델(folk model)의 일부로서, 감정과 인지, 인간 발달 등의 심리적 과정에 대해 한 사회의 구성원들이 문화적으로 공유하는 암묵적인 지식을 일컫는다. 인간은 무엇보다도 감정의 경험과 표현을 통해 사회적 관계 속에서 자아의 위치를 확인하고 협상하기 때문에 감정에 대한 민속심리적 모델은 사람됨의 사회화에 매우 중요한 청사진을 제공한다(예를 들면 Lutz 1983). 특히 성인의 역할을 위한 준비가 본격적으로 이루어지는 사춘기에 감정에 대한 민속심리적인 코드의 학습은 사회화의 핵심적인 내용을 구성한다 이 글은 사춘기라는 인간 발달의 현상과 감정에 대해서 미국인들이 어떤 민속심리적인 모델을 가지고 있는지, 그리고 그러한 모델이 사춘기 청소년들에 대한 사회화에 어떤 영향을 마치는지를 살펴본다. 이러한 논의를 하는 과정에서 사춘기에 대한 서구 심리학의 주요 이론과 민속 이론의 관계 또한 검토한다. 여기서 민속 모델과 민속 이론을 구분해 본다면, 민속 모델이 반드시 언어적인 표현을 동반 하지는 않는 보다 광범위하고 암묵적인 문화적 지식을 일컫는데 비해, 민속 이론 은 어떤 현상의 본질을 기술하기 위해 토착적으로 사용되는 전제들(propositions)로 구성되며, 이러한 전체들은 그 이론을 사용하는 사람들에 의해 진술될 수 있다(DAndrade 1995: 172; Strauss 1990: 314), 민속 모델은 대개 단면적으로만 은유 풍의 언어적인 표현을 통해 표현되며, 분석자에 의해서 유추된다. 민속 이론은 민속 모델에 비해 보다 명확하게 언어화된, 토착적으로 생산되는 이론을 가리키는 반면, 민속 모델은 그러한 이론화에 밑바탕을 제공한다고 할 수 있다. 나는 이 글에서 사춘기에 대한 전문 이론과 민속 이론이 기본적인 전제를 공유하며, 두 가지 이론 모두 보다 근본적으로는 감정과 이성의 관계에 대한 서구사회의 민속 모델에 그 뿌리를 두고 있음을 밝히고, 사춘기 이론의 예를 흉해 서구 심리학 이론의 보편성에 의문을 제기하고자 한다. This paper examines the American cultural construction of emotions and its influences on the socialization of early adolescents. It is based on 12 months of ethnographic field research in a public junior high school in the Midwest, U. S. A child, according to the American cultural model of human development, goes through a series of distinctive stages as it matures, each stage being characterized by certain developmental features. With the stage model, early adolescence is readily conceptualized as a unique life phase, when the most observable and dramatic events of sexual maturation occur. The American educators associated early adolescence with a remarkably vulnerable emotional state, and explained the high emotionality in psychophysiological terms ("hormones"). They conceived a major developmental difficulty of early adolescence as being too "emotional" or "irrational", lacking rationality ("brains on vacation"). An urgent educational task was then to help early adolescents develop rational control over their emotions. Students were guided to verbalize and detach themselves from their emotions, especially when they experienced socially negative emotions, such as anger. This educational task was challenging, I contend, not so much because of the emotionality of early adolescents as the American cultural emphasis on emotion control

루시 매덕스 편, 『미국학의 이론과 실제』 김성곤 외 옮김(서울대출판부, 2006)

이 책은 편저로서 모두 17개의 논문으로 구성되어 있다. 미국학의 종합선물세트라고 해도 좋을 만큼 다양하고 심도 깊은 글들을 내보이고 있는데, 각 글의 말미에는 그 글에 대한 논평까지 실려 있다. 종합선물세트이니만큼 한꺼번에 숙독하기에는 많은 양이지만 내게 가장 구미가 당기는 것들부터 차근히 읽어나가기에 좋고, 그러다 보면 내가 지금까지 먹어보지 않았던 과자까지도 한번 맛을 보고 싶게 만드는 그런 선물세트라고 하겠다. 과자 각각에 대한 간단한 내용설명과 평가까지 덤으로 붙어있으니 더욱 좋다. 말하자면 그 구성에 있어 고르고 알차며 과자들의 질이 매우 높은 종합선물세트라고 할 수 있다. 책의 원제(Locating American Studies: The Evolution of a Discipline)는 이 책을 편집하게 된 의도가 미국학의 그간의 흐름을 개관함으로써 현재 미국학이 서 있는 지점을 정확하게 파악하고 앞으로 나아갈 방향을 가늠하고자 하는 데 있음을 암시 해주고 있다. 옮긴이들이 붙인 제목(미국학의 이론과 실제)은 책의 내용에 대해서 잘 말해주고 있는데， 제목 그대로 이 책은 미국학에 있어서의 핵심적인 이론적 쟁점들을 다룬 논문들과 구체적인 연구 사례에서 그것들을 적용한 논문들로 이루어져 있다

Study on Qualification in Service Industry(III): Focused on Personal Service

본 연구의 목적은 서비스산업 중 개인서비스업의 교육훈련, 고용 및 국내외 자격 실태를 분석하여 기존 자격에서 나타나는 문제점에 대한 개선 방안을 제시하고, 새롭게 요구되는 개인서비스업 자격을 발굴하며, 정책과 추후 과제를 제시하는 것이다. 구체적인 하위 연구 목표는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개인서비스업 분야 자격 현황과 실태를 조사하고, 자격의 활용성과 자격제도의 적절성을 종합적으로 분석하여, 기존 개인서비스업 자격의 문제점과 개선 방안을 도출하고, 둘째, 국내외 개인서비스업 관련 양성, 고용, 인력 수급 및 자격 현황에 대한 조사 분석에 기반하여 개인서비스 신설 자격과 자격(안)을 발굴하고, 셋째, 개인서비스업 종사자의 전문성 강화 및 지원을 위한 정책과 세부 사업 도출 그리고 정책 추진에 필요한 종합 계획 수립, 실행 연구 주제 등 추후 연구 과제를 제언하는 데 목적이 있다.This research aims to suggest a solution for the issue raised out of an existing qualification through the comprehensive analysis on the current state in qualification of personal service amid service industry, and thus to develop the newly-demanded qualification in personal service. To attain these goals, the significance, the current state of personal service and its VET have been examined along with an analysis of qualification''s utilization and proposition of drawback, solution, etc., based on the results of research. For the foreign personal service qualification and current state of occupation, those of Japan, France, Germany, Britain and the US were researched and analyzed in comparison with the domestic. The examination for the suitability of a newly-developed qualification was proceeded following the preparation of the criteria and course for its selection to create the demand for it. The further study was offered along with the cultivation of business and the measure related to the qualification system and job creation. The methodology utilized was literature analysis, professions council, survey ,interview, etc. For its current state, there are about 239 of personal service qualifications with private qualification of more than 70% among them. In this study the portions of service provision and production with management for the personal service qualifications of 239 were compared, while a personal service was prescribed to be ''a job creating profits by satisfying the customer''s demand with individual provision of service''. Among them, the qualifications with higher portion in service-related job were chosen for the examination study. In case of private qualifications, 84 of them were chosen at last for the examination on the preferential basis of repetitions in job specifications between them. For the utilization of personal service qualification, that of hotel manager(3.70), hotel servant(3.61), tour guide-interpreter(3.66), etc. was appeared to be relatively high among the national qualifications in its governing law, while that of race official(2.86) was low. The utilization in qualification of craftsman such as cook, blowfish(4.0), industrial engineer such as cook, blowfish(3.98), industrial engineer, Chinese food(3.97), patissier(3.94), jeweller(3.94), craftsman in gas(3.87), industrial engineer in boiler(3.84), etc. was upheld among the national technical qualifications. Especially, all the qualifications in the fields of accommodation and restaurant scored the high degree of application above the level of 3.5. By and large the degree of utilization of national technical qualification in personal service was above 3.0, higher than the private qualification. Among the private qualifications, the utilization was presented to be high in the order of a barista(3.82), funeral manager(3.74), shoe fitter(3.66), pet groomer(3.56), etc. The qualification such as international naming consultant(2.97) or dowser(2.98) was in lower use. For drawbacks and corrective measures for them in personal service qualification, it was founded that a lack of demand in the industrial field and specialization begat the lower the degree of utilization as a drawback at large. Wholesalers, retailers, accommodations and restaurants lacked specialization, while arts, sports, and leisure services lacked a legal basis. Associations, groups, repairs and other miscellaneous personal services were questioned for the absence of systematic and transnational qualification. As the biggest issue raised was that it was strewn with difficulties in the job performance despite the acquisition of qualification in case of a national qualification in personal service, there were numerous voices for the improvement in examination methods and strengthened courses of training as possible solutions. For the private qualification, a lack of utilization and profession of qualification was mainly pointed out for ambiguity of job boundary and its detail as well as absence of systematic education. For corrective measures, it was suggested that the higher quality assurance and profession of qualification needed to be ensured from tightening the evaluation of the agency in charge of examination and management of a qualification. The criteria for development of new personal service qualification was determined to be the degree of demand for service, profession, need for recognition of competency, job availability, etc. There are 15 newly developed qualifications in jobs such as temple food specialist, catering service, carver, industrial engineer in beverage management, eco-friendly golf course manager, shoe fitter, etc. Although the national qualification showed higher degree of utilization than that of the private in labor market, appropriate examination is inevitable for the relevant assignment in development of new national qualifications as it means a greater burden with social cost incurred for the government to nationalize all the necessary qualifications. It was found that most of personal service workers prefers the national and national technical qualifications with a particular favor of certified private qualification in the fields such as arts, sports and leisure services. Apparently the private qualification should be basically designed and managed by the lead of concerned association or group, while its maintenance is continued by the registration as a private qualification under the supervision of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. If necessary, the objectivity and reliability as much as the level of national qualification can be obtained between the qualification holder and consumer by the concerned department preparing the related authorization procedures of for the certified private qualification. Among the 15 qualifications ‘craftsman motor vehicles maintenance’ and ‘craftsman motor cycles maintenance’ were found appropriate to be national qualifications as a result of collection views from researchers and professionals in qualification for the type of newly-developed personal service qualifications based on the criteria of selection for national qualification. The mid-long term measures deducted are the enhancement of profession in cultivation and qualification system, establishment of support system, organization and management of funding for cultivation and support, etc. Firstly the measure of enhancement of profession in cultivation and qualification system is comprised of NCS development, recognition of curriculum and qualification of specialized education and training, criteria development for evaluation of qualification management, amelioration and linkage to employment of existing qualification, measure recognizing sole proprietor''s personal service, etc. The measure of establishment of support system deals with review of its project and legislation, regularization of council for employment and qualification, composition and management of sector council, and establishment and management of platform agency. Also the measure of organization and management of funding for cultivation and support suggested to support education and training as well as reeducation of small business, project for organizing supportive funding, building up and utilization of the online community. The further studies were suggested in three fields- comprehensive planning, implementation of research project and quality assurance. Firstly the comprehensive planning study for the departmental integration of government, research on the current state and measure of enhancing competitiveness were suggested for the detailed research. For the research project, the study was suggested in development of job specification and NCS, composition of professional qualification and supportive research, establishment and management of qualification, evaluation of performance and drawback, job specification and qualification in amalgamating fields, establishment of sector council, etc. The detailed study in quality assurance was proposed in the research on the evaluation and recognition system of training and qualification, establishment of performance management system related to cultivation, qualification and employment, infra-structure for the enhancement of profession, etc.요약 제1장 서 론_1 제1절 연구의 배경, 필요성 및 목적3 제2절 연구의 범위, 내용 및 방법8 제3절 자격 관련 선행 연구와 이론적 배경16 제2장 개인서비스업 관련 현황_33 제1절 서비스산업의 특징35 제2절 개인서비스업의 범위 및 중요성39 제3절 개인서비스업 현황44 제4절 개인서비스업의 관련 직업 현황53 제5절 개인서비스업 교육훈련 현황77 제6절 요약 및 시사점93 제3장 개인서비스업 자격의 문제점 및 개선 방안_97 제1절 개인서비스업 자격 현황99 제2절 개인서비스업 자격의 활용성 분석108 제3절 개인서비스업 자격의 문제점 및 개선 방안139 제4절 요약 및 시사점149 제4장 국외 개인서비스업 자격 및 직업 현황_153 제1절 일본의 자격 및 직업 현황155 제2절 프랑스의 자격 및 직업 현황166 제3절 독일의 자격 및 직업 현황184 제4절 영국의 자격 및 직업 현황203 제5절 미국의 자격 및 직업 현황214 제6절 요약 및 시사점224 제5장 개인서비스업 자격의 신설 수요_229 제1절 개인서비스업 자격 신설의 방향231 제2절 자격 발굴 절차235 제3절 발굴 자격(안)의 적합성 조사 및 운영 방향242 제4절 요약 및 시사점250 제6장 정책 및 추후 연구 과제 제언_253 제1절 종합 시사점255 제2절 정책 제언258 제3절 추후 연구 과제 제언269 SUMMARY_275 참고문헌_281 부 록_289 [부록 1] 개인서비스업 자격 분류(한국표준산업분류 기준)291 [부록 2] 개인서비스업종별 설문지295 [부록 3] 개인서비스업 자격 신설(안) - 총 15개32

[이슈 분석] 개인서비스 분야 신규 자격 발굴과 운영

Ⅰ. 문제 제기 Ⅱ. 개인서비스업 관련 현황 Ⅲ. 개인서비스업 자격의 문제점 및 개선 방안 Ⅳ. 국외 개인서비스업 자격 및 직업 현황 Ⅴ. 개인서비스업 자격의 신설 수요 1. 신설 수요 조사 2. 신설 대상 자격 및 운영 방향 Ⅵ. 제

Progress on the Initiation of the NCS-based Vocational Education and Training Policies & Future Suggestions

본 연구의 목적은 다음과 같다. 첫째, NCS 기반 직업교육훈련 정책 본 연구에서의‘NCS 기반 직업교육훈련 정책’은 NCS 및 NCS 학습모듈의 부분적, 전면적 도입？활용을 전제로 한 정책으로 한정함. 부처 정책 사업 문서에 직접적으로 NCS 기반, 즉 NCS 및 NCS 학습모듈의 도입？활용 관련 내용이 적시되어 있고, 예산이 투입된 정책 사업에 국한하여 자료를 수집？분석함. 문서 자료를 수집？분석하여 정책의 예산, 유형, 대상, 정책별 하위 사업, 운영 주체 및 추진 체계 등의 현황을 기초 분석하고, 이 결과와 연계하여 전문가 그룹을 대상으로 모니터링을 실시한다. 둘째, NCS 기반으로 추진되고 있는 직업교육훈련 정책과 하위 사업의 지속 가능성과 정책 수요자 서비스 제고를 위한 정책 과제를 제안한다.Now is the time when the overall understanding and monitoring of the progress on the initiation of the policy projects is required, owing to the following reasons: a liaison between the policies when in the process of developing·applying·expanding NCS, the efficiency of the maintenance·support on ther related projects, and lastly, improving the usability of the outcome. In particular, it proves its significance to collect·analyze all documents about the related policy projects from the last three years of carefully studied data ever since the year of 2013, - despite it being a short period of time ­ to examine the meaningful result and its overall effect, and to make future suggestions on the application of the policies in the industrial field, quality management, and of the vocational education and training. In the following research: 1. We have collected·analyzed all documents about the NCS-based Vocational Education and Training Policies in order to complete a base case analysis on the characteristics, targeting audience, types, liaison with other policy projects, total budget, main managing agent, and promotion system of the policy, and have finished monitoring the group of experts in connection with the outcome. 2. We have offered future suggestions on the retainability of the NCS-based Vocational Education and Training Policy Projects and the improvement on the service for the prospective beneficiaries of the policy. The outcome of the following research covers: 1. Plans on integrated development of demand base qualifications in the industrial world, NCS, and learning modules. 2. Quality management on the NCS-based Vocational Education and Training & Plans on establishing its reflux system. 3. Assessment on the achievement of the NCS-based Vocational Education and Training & Plans on financial support. 4. Suggestions on the policy projects such as the establishment of governance of the NCS-based Vocational Education and Training and future strategies.요 약 제1장 서론_1 제1절 연구의 필요성 및 목적 3 제2절 연구의 내용 및 방법 5 제3절 연구의 범위, 대상 및 한계 11 제2장 NCS 관련 선행 연구 및 정책 동향 분석_17 제1절 NCS 관련 선행 연구 19 제2절 NCS 관련 정책 동향 28 제3절 분석 및 종합 40 제3장 NCS 기반 직업교육훈련 정책 추진 현황 기초 분석_45 제1절 기초 분석 개요 47 제2절 기초 분석 52 제3절 종합 및 시사점 82 제4장 NCS 기반 직업교육훈련 정책 모니터링_91 제1절 모니터링의 개요 및 모니터링 지표(안) 개발 93 제2절 모니터링 실시 106 제3절 종합 및 시사점 164 제5장 NCS 기반 직업교육훈련 정책 과제 제안 및 추진 로드맵_171 제1절 정책 과제 제안 173 제2절 정책 과제 추진 로드맵 190 SUMMARY_199 참고 문헌_201 부 록_209 1. 콜로키움 자료 211 2. FGI 조사지 21