Conceptualization on expert football player

Players' performance has been evaluated by multiple factors. Sports performance means display of players ability that is decided by interactions of various factors such as physical strength, skills, strategies, psychology, and so on. Players performance is described as the professionalism of sports, which players are participating in. Players need to maintain their peak performance through long tenn preparation, efforts, and training to display their ability. In order to maintain and enlarge accomplishments of thε Korean football in 2002 Worldcup, there shoud be different approaches and consideration of thε validity of training contents. Players in elementary, middle, high school, and college, or players in professional youth clubs can be improved by training. However, there has not been an agreement about the conditions of good players, so players' training contents are based on coachεs' personal experiences. This study was to examine expertise on training good football players--that is, basic conditions of being good football players. As to the needs of physical strength in football game, players, who distribute physical strength efficiently and have speed, agility, flexibility, endurance, are possibly good football players. In thc aspect of skill, the ability of pass utilizing the space and that of kicks are critical in football perfonnance. Psychological aspects are interactions of motivation and mental toughness based on self-confidence, self-management, and concentration. After thε 2002 Wordcup, there has been consideration for the necessity and importance in psychological aspect of players, which is foundation for the improvement. In the strategical aspect, competitive players who have creativity and instant judgement based on thinking play. However, the reason that there is not outstanding playεr has ability of utilizing strategies in Korea is associated with coaches' philosophy in coaching. Good football playεrs are those who display their abilities in European major league or Worldcup. In order to be a good player, players need to improve foundational components like physical strength, skills, psychology, and strategies by training. Moreover, players should meet coachεs who make them display their strengths and give them an appropriate position to be a good player

The Development and Validation of Scales Assessing Middle School Students' Achievement Goal Orientation

Traditionally, although theorists have described achievement motivation in terms of approach and avoidance tendencies, goal orientation, research has focused primarily on two approach goals (Dweck, 1986; Nicholls, 1984; Ames, 1987) : the learning or task goal to develop and improve one's ability, and the performance or ego goal to demonstrate ones ability through the comparison with other people. Recently, three-dimensional achievement goal theory including the goal to develop ability (learning goal orientation), the goal to demonstrate ability (performance-approach goal orientation) and the goal to avoid the demonstration of lack of ability (performance-avoid goal orientation) has emerged as a new direction in motivational research (Button, Mathieu, & Zajac, 1996; Elliot, 1994; Elliot & Harackiewicz, 1996; Vandewalle, 1997; Middleton & Midgley, 1997; Elliot & Church, 1997; Skaalvik, 1997; Midgley, Kaplan, Middleton, Maehr, Urdan, Anderman & Roeser ; 1998). Accordingly, a scale to assess the goal of avoiding the demonstration of lack of ability (performance-avoidance goal) was included with scales assessing approach goals in a survey given to students in the middle school. The results of studies conducted with three different samples of 1,005 middle school students were used to describe the validity and reliability of the scale. The content-related evidence of validity by means of 5 experts, the construct-related evidence of validity through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, and the criterion-related evidence of validity included into concurrent validity with TEOSQ, intrinsic motivation, and the implicit belief of intelligence and prediction validity with the score of physical education all supported the conclusion that the instrument operationalized the theorized three-dimensional construct.본 연구는 1999년도 서울대학교 사범대학 발전기금의 지원에 의해서 연구됨