A Legal Research on Human Elements of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) for Securing of Maritime Traffic Safety

This paper focuses on the normative issues and improvement plans related to maritime traffic safety of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (hereinafter referred to as“MASS”) related to human elements, including prior research on the normative study autonomous vessel. This work tried to find out what the regulatory barriers for securing maritime traffic safety in earnest when an autonomous vessel with the automated system. And it proposed the improvement plans to review any restriction conditions and problems of The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS) and the International Maritime Convention. The purpose of this research is to suggest an improvement plan for the safety of maritime traffic through legal issues related to MASS that will change the paradigm of the future maritime industry including Shipping and Port and comparative legal consideration. This paper analyzed the characteristics and definitions of MASS and the autonomy in order to secure the safety of maritime traffic. The Autonomous airplane and Self-driving car field which have advanced in autonomy have been examined comparatively. In MASS, It has been concluded that this research faithfully fulfill both reliability of the technology and normative maintenance. Also, it is desirable to make a system that does not replace humans but that requires human intervention and keeps safety in common. In addition, the International Convention and the matters related to the safety of maritime traffic on autonomous vessel were compared with each other in domestic and foreign laws and regulations. This research have sought to explore whether there are any problems in applying the existing laws and regulations for MASS which completely different from the existing ship operation forms. As a result, This paper have determined that MASS can enjoy their status as vessels regardless of the human factors that played an essential role in conventional vessels. It was proved that very difficult for MASS to operate and secure safety within the framework of the UNCLOS and the International Maritime Convention. Therefore, if the technical reliability of MASS is seriously suspected, or if they are not expressly contrary to international conventions or flag laws, it is the general principle of the international community to treat vessels under the principle of international reciprocity or international comity. This paper examined the MASS in terms of human, ethical, and physical as to whether there are any regulatory barriers that violate the UNCLOS, the International Convention, and flag laws & regulations. The issues of human regulatory barriers for securing maritime traffic safety were examined by focusing on COLREG, STCW, LLMC, SOLAS(chapter VI, V, Ⅸ, XI). In relation to the MASS ethical dilemma, this research looked at what to consider and decide on navigation algorithm programming. MASS are based on sophisticated computer system, so ethical problems applied to Artificial Intelligence(AI) are very important. Ethical considerations also need to be studied in the future. Consequently, even if it is the MASS lacking human factors, it is an essential element that can not be abandoned and it is a great advantage in terms of securing the safety of maritime traffic. Therefore, it is appropriate to review the matters and related regulations by absorbing and integrating them in the existing normative system rather than the special law system that recognizes the specificity or exceptionality of MASS. In this regard, this research introduced the legislative proposals for the introduction and operation of MASS regarding the safety of life and maritime traffic and the prevention of marine environmental pollution at sea. Finally, Amendments for the domestic maritime law proposed relating to the definition of MASS, the permission of the provisional operation of MASS, the safety operation requirements, the collection of sailing information and suspension & punishment for MASS, Master's authority and duty for onboard reflecting the specificity of the sea.目 次 Abstract ⅲ 第1章 서론 1 제1절 연구의 목적 및 배경 1 제2절 연구의 방법 및 범위 10 제3절 선행연구 12 第2章 자율운항선박의 개념과 타 자율시스템과의 비교 고찰 17 제1절 자율운항선박의 개념 17 Ⅰ. 자율운항선박의 정의 17 Ⅱ. 자율운항선박의 자율화 단계 23 제2절 자율운항선박과 자율비행 항공기 자율화 비교 30 Ⅰ. 자율비행 항공기 자율화 현황 30 Ⅱ. 자율운항항공기와 자율운항선박의 자율화 단계 비교 33 제3절 자율운항선박과 자율주행 자동차 자율화 비교 36 Ⅰ. 자율주행 자동차 자율화 현황 36 Ⅱ. 자율주행 자동차와 자율운항선박의 자율화 단계 비교 39 第3章 자율운항선박의 선박지위에 따른 규범적 고찰 44 제1절 자율운항선박의 선박성에 관한 고찰 44 제2절 유엔해양법협약상 자율운항선박의 관할권 49 Ⅰ. 유엔해양법협약상 기국의 관할권과 MASS의 쟁점분석 50 Ⅱ. 유엔해양법협약상 연안국의 관할권과 MASS의 쟁점분석 52 Ⅲ. 유엔해양법협약상 항만국 관할권과 MASS의 쟁점분석 55 第4章 자율운항선박과 해상교통안전의 인적요소에 관한 고찰 58 제1절 자율운항선박 원격운항자의 선원성에 관한 판단 60 Ⅰ. 선박의 필수요소로서의 선장과 선원 60 Ⅱ. 자율운항선박 원격운항자의 역할 및 인적 감항성 60 제2절 자율운항선박의 인적요소와 선원의 상무 적용에 관한 고찰 68 Ⅰ. 자율운항선박에 선원의 상무 적용 근거와 내용 68 Ⅱ. 자율운항선박 선원의 상무 적용에 대한 쟁점사항 71 第5章 자율운항선박 해상교통안전 관련 규제 장벽 및 개선방안 76 제1절 자율운항선박 해상교통안전 확보를 위한 쟁점 및 개선방안 76 Ⅰ. 자율운항선박 해상교통안전 확보를 위한 인적규제 쟁점분석 및 개선방안 77 Ⅱ. 자율운항선박 해상교통안전 확보를 위한 윤리적 쟁점분석 및 개선방안 87 제2절 자율운항선박 해상교통안전을 위한 국제협약과 국내법 개정방향 및 개정원칙 95 Ⅰ. 자율운항선박 해상교통안전을 위한 규범의 개정방향 및 원칙 96 Ⅱ. 자율운항선박 도입 및 해상교통안전 확보를 위한 입법화 원칙 99 Ⅲ. 선장의 권한과 책임에 관한 원칙 102 第6章 결론 104 제1절 요약 및 정리 104 제2절 결론 106 參考文獻 111Maste