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    Pre-ionization and plasma startup by 84 GHz second harmonic EC wave for KSTAR first plasma

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For the specific mode coupling at the plasma edge, the injection EC beam polarization can be controlled from linear to circular by two sinusoidal grooved mirrors inside the polarizer miterbends. The injection angle is covered in both the toroidal range of ยฑ38ยฐand the poloidal ranges of 55ยฐto 90ยฐfrom the vertical axis with a sufficiently focused Gaussian beam which powers e-folding radius of ~10 mm. In the first plasma campaign of the KSTAR, the successful demonstration of the second harmonic ECH-assisted startup experiments were completed [3-4]. For the second harmonic ECH-assisted startup, an 84 GHz EC wave at 350 kW was launched just prior to the onset of the toroidal electric field of the Ohmic system. And it was observed that this was sufficient to achieve breakdown in the ECH pre-ionization phase, allow burn-through and sustain the plasma during the current-ramp phase of plasma with a low loop voltage of 2.0 V and a corresponding toroidal electric field of 0.24 V/m at the innermost vacuum vessel wall (at R = 1.3 m). This is a lower value than 0.3 V/m which is the maximum electric field in ITER design. Most of the experiments showed that early pre-ionization produced a faster current rise. It could also provide additional heating during the current ramp-up phase so that the plasma current increased to more than 100 kA with less than 1 Wb flux consumption. The most effective EC launch was observed to be at a lower vertical position of the resonance layer with the toroidal angle of ฯ† = 10ยบ in the opposite direction to the toroidal magnetic field. Also, the pure X-mode injection for all toroidal and poloidal launching angles provided efficient pre-ionization and reliable startup. This second harmonic ECH-assisted startup is important for reduced magnetic field operation during the first plasma campaign for the new machine. Therefore, the success of the KSTAR ECH-assisted startup by second harmonic ECH pre-ionization encourages the use of the second harmonic ECH on the first plasma campaign of ITER.84-GHz, 500-kW ECH (Electron Cyclotron Heating: ์ „์ž๊ณต๋ช…๊ฐ€์—ด์žฅ์น˜) ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ KSTAR PF ์ดˆ์ „๋„ ์ฝ”์ผ ์‹œ๋™ (blip) ์ด์ „์— ๊ณ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํ† ์นด๋ง‰ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์ž…์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์„ฑ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „์ด์˜จํ™” (Pre-ionization)๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ECH๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „์ด์˜จํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์ „ ๊ฐœ์‹œ ๋ฐ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ฐ€์—ด ์œ ๋„๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ฃผ ์ „์•• (loop voltage)์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋˜๋Š” volt-sec๋ฅผ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ† ์นด๋ง‰ ์šด์ „๋ชจ๋“œ ์„ค์ •์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ดˆ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” R~1.7 m์˜ ์ง€์ ์— 1.5 Tesla์˜ ํ† ๋กœ์ด๋‹ฌ ์ž์žฅ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ธ์ดํด๋กœํŠธ๋ก  ๊ณต๋ช…์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์˜ 2์ฐจ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ (second harmonic)์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” 84 GHz ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํ† ์นด๋ง‰์— ์ž…์‚ฌ, ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ „์ด์˜จํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ECH ํŒŒ์›Œ, ์ž…์‚ฌ ๋น”์˜ ํŽธ๊ด‘๋„ (ellipticity) ๋ฐ ์ž…์‚ฌ ๋ชจ๋“œ, ์ž…์‚ฌ ์œ„์น˜, ์ค‘์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์••๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์ด์˜จํ™” ํŠน์„ฑ ๋“ฑ ์šด์ „ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „์ด์˜จํ™” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ด์˜จํ™” ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๊ฐœ์‹œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ H-alpha ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. KSTAR ์ตœ์ดˆ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ ํ˜• ํŽธ๊ด‘๋œ X-๋ชจ๋“œ (extraordinary)์˜ 2์ฐจ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ํ† ์นด๋ง‰์˜ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํ† ๋กœ์ด๋‹ฌ ์ž์žฅ์— ์ˆ˜์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž…์‚ฌ๋˜์–ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ „์ด์˜จํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ช… ์˜์—ญ์— ์ž…์‚ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋น”์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์กฐํ–ฅ์žฅ์น˜ (steering system)๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ† ๋กœ์ด๋‹ฌ ๋ฐ ํด๋กœ์ด๋‹ฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„์˜ ์กฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž…์‚ฌ ๋น”์˜ ํŽธ๊ด‘ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ (polarization angle) ๋ฐ ํŽธ๊ด‘๋„ (ellipticity) ์กฐ์ •์—๋Š” ์ „์†ก์„  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํŽธ๊ด‘์กฐ์ • ๋งˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒค๋“œ (polarization rotator and circular polarizer miterbend)๊ฐ€ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์„ ํ˜• (linear) ๋ฐ ํƒ€์› (elliptical) ํŽธ๊ด‘๋œ ๋น”์„ ํ† ๋กœ์ด๋‹ฌ ์ž์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ง ํ˜น์€ ๋น„์Šค๋“ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž…์‚ฌ ํ•˜์—ฌ (oblique injection) ์ „์ด์˜จํ™” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ECH ์ „์ด์˜จํ™” ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ECH ์ž…์‚ฌ ํ›„ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ 10~30 msec์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ด์˜จํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ PF ์ฝ”์ผ blip ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ 40 msec ์ด์ „์— ECH๊ฐ€ ์ž…์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ PF ์ฝ”์ผ์˜ volt-sec ์†Œ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ์Šน (ramp-up) ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ECH ์ž…์‚ฌ๋Š” PF blip ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์•ฝ 200 msec๋™์•ˆ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ตœ์†Œ 300 kW ์ด์ƒ์˜ ECH ํŒŒ์›Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ํŒŒ์›Œ๊ฐ€ ์ž…์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 300 kW ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ECH ํŒŒ์›Œ๊ฐ€ ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ์ „์ด์˜จํ™”๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ H-alpha ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ, ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋งˆ ๋ฐ€๋„, ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋งˆ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ† ๋กœ์ด๋‹ฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ž…์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ „๋ฅ˜ (Ip)์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์‚ฌ๊ฐ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž…์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž…์‚ฌ๊ฐ์ด ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ์ „์ด์˜จํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ† ๋กœ์ด๋‹ฌ ์ž์žฅ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž…์‚ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐํŒŒ์˜ ํ‰ํ–‰ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ „์ด์˜จํ™”๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ „๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ „์ด์˜จํ™”๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง์ž…์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ PF blip ์ดํ›„ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ƒ์Šน ๋ฐ ์œ ์ง€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ฉธ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํด๋กœ์ด๋‹ฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์‚ฌ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ˆ˜์ง ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋Š” field null ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ (Z=0 cm)์— ์ž…์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ 10 cm ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ (Z=-10 cm)์— ์ž…์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ „์ด์˜จํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ž…์‚ฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ECH ์ž…์‚ฌ ํ›„ ์ „์ด์˜จํ™”๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์••๋ ฅ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 2~5ร—1e-5 mbar์—์„œ ์‹œํ—˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์••๋ ฅ์ด ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค
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