41 research outputs found

    Concept of Constitutional Rights

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    This article aims at defining what is constitutional right. In the area of constitutional law, it has not been clear what the constitutional right means, whereas there are many topics of the constitutional rights. In defining the concept of constitutional right, it is necessary to discriminate natural right and human right from the constitutional right. There are many constitutional rights which are not natural as the right of voting and access to a court. The term human right is used in many cases with conceptual ambiguity. The concept of human right is ambiguous, so it should be emphasized that constitutional right should be understood clearly separate from human right. I analysed the concept of constitutional right. The constitutional right has its elements in three dimension: individual right, positive right and constitutionguaranteed right. The constitutional right has individuality, claim, liberty, power and immunity as a individual right. The claim is an essential element of right, so having a right means having a claim. The people who have a constitutional right, can have a claim to something and against someone. The government has a duty to realize the constitutional right. The people who have a right, can assign or renounce the right, but the constitutional right can not be assigned or renounced with the exception of extraordinary cases. This right also has a immunity, so nobody can enforce an individual who has such a right to do something against the right in the area where the right is effective. The constitutional right is a positive right that is guaranteed by the positive constitution. This positivity makes the constitutional right to be distinguished from natural right and human right. The constitutional rights get the character of...์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ๋น„์—์„œ ์ง€์›๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋จ

    The Special Prosecutor Act of 1999 and Its Problems

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    I introduced the Special Prosecutor System of the U.S. and suggested my opinion that this system is very useful and effective in the democratization of Korea. The Special Prosecutor Act was enacted at the beginning of 1999. However, it was limited to investigating just two cases: political corruption involving the Chief prosecutor and a senior prosecutor's role in forcing a strike by a labor union. This Act lasted for only 6 months. The aim of this article is to review the problems of this Act and suggest some ideas for improving the effectiveness of the Special Prosecutor System in Korea. The Special Prosecutor System is helpful in solving conflicts of interest, keeping investigation and prosecution independent from political influence in prosecuting higher officers, controlling the exercise of power effectively and carrying out impeachment. The 1999 Special Prosecutor Act has several problems. The object of the investigation is limited to the above two cases. The special prosecutor is appointed by the President. The jurisdiction of the prosecutor is limited. The release of investigative process is prohibited. The investigation duration and transition is restricted to six months, which is not sufficient for the special prosecutor to be effective. Against the non-cooperation of the agency that coordinates and supports the investigation, the use of force is option. An ordinary prosecutor can participate in the special prosecutor's investigation. We need to discuss and solve the above problems. In my opinion, the American Special Prosecutor System will be useful in the development of the Korean system. My suggestions for solving these problems are based on a comparison with the U.S. system

    Review on the ๆœ้ฎฎๅปบๅœ‹ๆ†ฒๆณ•่‰ๆกˆ็ง็จฟ

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    ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๅธƒๆ–ฝ่พฐๆฒป์˜ ๏ฝขๆœ้ฎฎๅปบๅœ‹ๆ†ฒๆณ•่‰ๆกˆ็ง็จฟ๏ฝฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜ ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญํ—Œ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ 1945๋…„ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์งํ›„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋…๋ฆฝ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๊ตญํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ œ์ •์„ ๋†“๊ณ  ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•๋…ผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๅธƒๆ–ฝ่พฐๆฒป๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์กฐ์„ ์„ ์‹๋ฏผํ†ต์น˜ํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์ด์ต๊ณผ ๋… ๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ๊ทน ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค. 1945๋…„ 8์›” ์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ํ•ญ๋ณต ์œผ๋กœ ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜์ž ๊ทธ๋Š” ๏ฝขๆœ้ฎฎๅปบๅœ‹ๆ†ฒๆณ•่‰ๆกˆ็ง็จฟ๏ฝฃ๋ฅผ ๊ทธํ•ด 12์›”์— ๋Œ€์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜ ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๏ฝขๆœ้ฎฎๅปบๅœ‹ๆ†ฒๆณ•่‰ๆกˆ็ง็จฟ๏ฝฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ๏ฝขๆ†ฒๆณ•ๆ”นๆญฃ็งๆกˆ๏ฝฃ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๏ฝขๆœ้ฎฎๅปบๅœ‹ๆ†ฒๆณ•่‰ๆกˆ็ง็จฟ๏ฝฃ์— ์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ นโ‹…๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ง์„ ์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ œ์ •๋ถ€ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ๏ฝขๆ†ฒๆณ•ๆ”นๆญฃ็งๆกˆ๏ฝฃ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ฒœํ™ฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์˜๋ฌด, ์˜ํšŒ์ œ๋„, ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ œ๋„ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์กฐ์„ ์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ ์—์„œ ๏ฝขๆœ้ฎฎๅปบๅœ‹ๆ†ฒๆณ•่‰ๆกˆ็ง็จฟ๏ฝฃ๊ฐ€ ์ˆœ์ „ํžˆ ์กฐ์„ ๋งŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ์—์„œ ๏ฝขๆœ้ฎฎๅปบๅœ‹ๆ†ฒๆณ•่‰ๆกˆ็ง็จฟ๏ฝฃ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •, ๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๅธƒๆ–ฝ่พฐๆฒป์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰์†Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ, ํ—Œ๋ฒ•๊ด€, ์˜ํšŒ์ œ๋„์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๅธƒๆ–ฝ่พฐๆฒป์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ƒ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ์ถ”์ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๏ฝขๆœ ้ฎฎๅปบๅœ‹ๆ†ฒๆณ•่‰ๆกˆ็ง็จฟ๏ฝฃ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์ •๊ตญ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ 1948๋…„ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ œ์ •๊ณผ์ •์— ๅธƒๆ–ฝ่พฐๆฒป์˜ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ•ํ•™๋ฐœ์ „์žฌ๋‹จ ์ถœ์—ฐ ๋ฒ•ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์˜ 2010ํ•™๋…„๋„ ํ•™์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ

    A Study of Legal System concerning the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Cities

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    The Character of 1948 National Assembly in Korean Constitutional History

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    This article aims at reviewing the character of the 1948 National Assembly which made the first Korean Constitution. After the liberation from Japanese colonial ruling, US Military Government began to rule South Korea on September 11, 1945. During the US Military Government period, South Korea tried to build a new sovereign nation. As the first step, the National Assembly, which should make a constitution to build a nation, was composed of members elected by universal, equal, direct ballot. This election was carried out on May 10, 1948. The National Assembly began to work for making a constitution. It elected 30 members for drafting a constitution on June 1, 1948. The members of the National Assembly deliberated and debated on the Draft from June 23. They passed a vote of the Draft on July 12. The president of National Assembly promulgated the first Constitution on July 17. The article 102 of this Constitution prescribed that the National Assembly should be converted to a legislative body. It was usually said that the 1948 National Assembly had double characters as a constituent assembly and a legislative body during its all period. However, my opinion is this like understanding is not correct. In this article, I make the new suggestion that the 1948 National Assembly had the character of a constituent assembly from May 31 to July 17 and the character of a legislative body after July 17, 1948. I made a comparison between Korea and US in a constitution-making to clear up this point.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2002๋…„๋„ ํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. (KRF-2002-073-BM1020

    Korean Presidentialism and Its Sustainability

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ด ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ œ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ธ๊ถŒ์ด ์‹ ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋„ค ์ฐจ๋ก€๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์ โ€ค์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋‹น์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์˜๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์ดํ›„ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆœ์กฐ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์—ด, ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น1์ธ๊ณผ ์ง‘๊ถŒ์„ธ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ •์˜ ๋…๋‹จ์  ์šด์˜, ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ์˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ •์šด์˜์—์„œ์˜ ํŒŒํ–‰๊ณผ ์ •์น˜์ œ๋„์˜ ์™œ๊ณก, ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ์˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž์›๋ฐฐ๋ถ„์˜ ์™œ๊ณก์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ, ์ง‘๊ถŒ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํŒจ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์šด์˜์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ์˜ ์ฆ๋Œ€, ์Šน์ž๋…์‹์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์‹ฌํ™” ๋“ฑ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ œ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์›์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ œ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ๋„๋‚ด์žฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ œ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์šฉํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž…๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๊ตญ์ •์šด์˜์ด ์ •์ƒํ™”๋˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ์ •์šด์˜์˜ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ œ์ •๋ถ€ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ๊ณต์กด์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ„์˜ ํ๋‹จ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ œ์ •๋ถ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์ œ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ œ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์šด์˜๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์žˆ์–ด ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. This article explores the validity and sustainability of the presidential government that is adopted by the current Korean Constitution. Despite the democratization in politics and human rights in 1990s and the change of government for four times, Korea still holds various social and political problems. These are the consequence of the following issues: the Korean societys incapability of carrying out democratic development, conflicts within the society, the arbitrary operation of the government by a president and his presidential administration, the failure of countrys affairs due to Korean regionalism/localism regarding distribution of resources and communication among citizens, distortion of civil service system, the winner-takes-all social ideal and others. Furthermore, Koreas authoritarian tendency embedded within its political sphere and frequent corruptions and embezzlement done by a president and politicians also restrain the development of true democratic society. This article proves that these reasons significantly contribute the practicality of Koreas current presidential government. However, these problems can be solved neither by the individual-level apologies of politicians nor through legislation that Korea should repeal its presidential government and seek to find a proper and practical form of a government that can encompasses its unique political, social and cultural properties. The possible forms could be something similar to the semi-presidentialism or the parliamentarism. This article concludes that the current Korean presidentialism is difficult to remain valid for the administration and social development of Korea in the near future and therefore, its sustainability is questionable.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ธ๋ฌธโ€ค์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณ„์—ด ํ•ด์™ธ์—ฐ์ˆ˜ ์ง€์›๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ

    Origin of Korean Prime Minister System

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    Throughout Korean constitutional history, the status and power of Prime Minister(ๅœ‹ๅ‹™็ธฝ็†) are unique comparing with other presidential governments. The concept of Prime Minister was first adopted in the Constitution of 1948 and sustained in each revised Constitution from 1952 to 1987. The basic structure of this system is as follows: 1. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President with or without the consent of the National Assembly. 2. The Prime Minister assists the President. 3. The Prime Minister directs the Ministries of the Executive Branch under order of the President. 4. The State Council deliberates on important policies that fall within the power of the Executive. This Council is composed of the President, the Prime Minister, and other members. The other members of this Council are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. 5. The President shall be the Chairman of the State Council, and the Prime Minister shall be the Vice-Chairman. 6. The Prime Minister may issue ordinances of his/her own concerning with matters that are within his/her jurisdiction under the powers delegated by Act or Presidential Decree or ex officio. 7. If the office of President is vacant or the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties for any reason, the Prime Minister first acts for him/her.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2002๋…„๋„ ํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(KRF-2002-073-BM1020)

    The Democratization of South Korea and the Contribution of the Constitutional Court: 1988-1998

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    The Constitutional Court of Korea began its operation from 1988. The Court is an important working mechanism of the 1987 Constitution, which itself is the symbol of the people's victory against the authoritarian regime. From its inception the Court had to face the almost antagonistically unsympathetic attitudes of the judiciary and the prosecution. However, the Court has successfully overcome the hurdles to play an important role during the transition period to the full democracy. This article aims at legally evaluating the degree of the Constitutional Court's contribution in the realization of people's constitutional rights for the first decade of its operation(1988-1998). To achieve this goal, the decisions of the Court have been analysed with focuses on the problematic issues as habeas corpus, the rights in the criminal procedure, the rights of expression, the labor rights, and the right to know. Generally speaking, the Court' attitude has been active to expand the traditional span of liberties, the rights of the prisoner and the right to know, as contrasted with the cases involving the labours' rights. In conclusion, this article shows that the contribution of Constitutional Court as the guardian of the human rights, although fall short of the high public expectation, has been significant by legal standards. The spirit of judicial activism persistent within the Court since its inception has played as an important factor in its successful working

    Reform of Legal Education and Law School System

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    ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ต์œก๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ 1995๋…„๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์–ด์˜จ ๋ฒ•ํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ช…์นญ์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ๋„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฒ•ํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜คํ•ด์™€ ๋ฒ•ํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ œ๋„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚™์ธ์„ ์ฐ์–ด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋ฒ•(civil law)๊ณ„์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—๋Š” ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ์žฅ์ด ํŽผ์ณ์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ฒ•ํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์„ law school์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์™œ๊ณก๋ ๊นŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ law school๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ law school์„ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์†Œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์˜คํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋กœ์Šค์ฟจ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œํ•œ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒ•ํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ต์œก๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•ํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์›๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ law school๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ๋„ ํ˜ผ์„ ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋จผ์ € ์ง€์ ํ•ด๋‘˜ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋ฒ•๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฒ•์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ƒ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ์ง€ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ์™€, ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋ฒ•๊ณ„์™€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฒ•(common law)๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฒ•๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ law school์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋ฒ•๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ law school์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋„ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฒ•ํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์˜ ๋„์ž…์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋ฒ•๊ณ„์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋ณธ๋„ law school๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  4๋…„์ œ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์™œ ์ผ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋ฒ•์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฒ•๊ณ„์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ law school๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๊ฐœํ˜์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ law school์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ณธ์‹ ๋กœ์Šค์ฟจ์ œ๋„(๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ)๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์ž, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์–ธ์ œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋Š๋ƒ ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ์‘ฅ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ , ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ต์œก์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋ฒ•๊ณ„๋‹ˆ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฒ•๊ณ„๋‹ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ์‹์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. 10๋…„ ์ „๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ law school์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์™€ ์ดํ•ด๋„ ๋„“์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , law school์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด๋„ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋‚™์ธ์„ ์ฐ์–ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ์›์‹œ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๊ทน๋ณต์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ฒ•ํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ law school์ œ๋„์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค

    Power of the Constitutional Court in Impeachment

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    ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์žฌํŒ์†Œ๋Š” 2004๋…„ 5์›” 14์ผ ๏ฝข2004ํ—Œ๋‚˜1๏ฝฃ์˜ ํƒ„ํ•ต์‹ฌํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฑด(ไธปๅฏฉ: ์žฌํŒ๊ด€ ๅ‘จๅ–„ๆœƒ)์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ—Œ์ •์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ„ํ•ต์‹ฌํŒ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋ฌดํ˜„์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ถœ๋ฒ”์ดํ›„ 1๋…„ ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋…ธ๋ฌดํ˜„๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ๋Œ€์™ธ์ ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌํ‘œ์‹œ์™€ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋…ธ๋ฌดํ˜„๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ๊ฑฐ ๋‹น์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ „ํˆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ตญํšŒ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ„ํ•ต์†Œ์ถ”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์—๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ๊ฑฐ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋…ธ๋ฌดํ˜„ํ›„๋ณด์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์†ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋ฌดํ˜„๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ํƒˆ๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์—ด๋ฆฐ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‹น์„ ์ฐฝ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์‹œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ œ์—์„œ ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ„ํ•ต์†Œ์ถ”๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์˜ํšŒ์™€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๋นš์œผ๋ฉด ์ •์น˜๊ถŒ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์œ„๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์ •์น˜๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์œ„๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์žฌํŒ์†Œ์— ํƒ„ํ•ต์†Œ์ถ”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •์น˜๋ ฅ์˜ ์ƒ์‹ค์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ , ์žฌํŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์žฌํŒ์†Œ์— ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ง€์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํƒ„ํ•ต์‹ฌํŒ์—๋Š” ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์žฌํŒ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋“ ์ง€ ๊ฐ„์— ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์€ ์ •์น˜๊ถŒ์ด ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜๊ถŒ์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์žฌํŒ์†Œ์— ์‹ฌํŒ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•œ ํ›„ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์žฌํŒ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ํ•ฉ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์žฌํŒ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜จ๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.์ด ๊ธ€์€ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ•ํ•™๋ฐœ์ „์žฌ๋‹จ ์ถœ์—ฐ ๋ฒ•ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์˜ 2005ํ•™๋…„๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์›๋น„์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ
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