우리나라 저축은행의 정책변화에 따른 부실원인 및 발전방안에 관한 연구

Korean savings banks have a 43-year history starting in 1972 and have an important position to represent very popular financial institutions for the public. Through the historical streams of these banks, they had experienced very high growth periods for some periods and the suffering periods of restructuring due to the insolvency causes for the other periods. Financial institutions’ insolvency problems incurred the direct harms to the customers and depositors transacting with these banks. The government officials injected the public funds for their bailout and were criticized for the wastes of people’s tax which should be used for the national welfare. The main objectives of this study is to trace out the insolvency causes of the Korean savings banks and to suggest the policy alternatives to prevent this crises. It is suggested that large scale savings banks should be transformed into local commercial banks and obtain the flexibility through M&A. Also this study recommends the policy alternatives such as the improvement of the governance structure, the owning patterns of these banks and the internal control and inspection function strengthening. The current savings banks recently have finished the structural adjustment and have been stabilized with the recovery of the business environments. But they have the most importantly vital tasks to enlarge their abilities to deal with the changes of the external financial environments effectively. In the short run, they have the tasks to solve the problems such as the reducement pressures of the limited maximum interests, the appearance of the specialized banks based on the Internet, and the extension of the P2P markets. The their long run tasks are to predict the future of the fintech industry development, and to prepare for the ever-changing business environments. To cope actively with the external environment changes, necessary policies are to strengthen the internal potential abilities and to enhance the suitable policy responsibility of the inspection institutions. The government should play roles to induce and guide these banks to overcome these difficulties and not to repeat the phenomena to bog down to the insolvency bondages. This study tries to focus on the government policies’ directions and effectiveness related to the environmental changes surrounding the savings banking industry in Korea. Also this study suggests the long run and stable development plans for the Korean savings banks. Toward the other sides of this discussion, we have a future research direction to analyse the Korean savings banks using statistical and econometric methods. With the shortage of the statistical data, this study has many restraints not to compare these banks consistently due to many changes of this industry, the repetitive exits and entrances of these banks and the different business environments between national and local savings banks.1. 서 론 1.1 연구의 목적 1 1.2 연구의 범위 및 방법 2 1.2.1 연구의 범위 2 1.2.2 연구의 방법 3 1.3 연구의 구성 3 2. 저축은행(舊. 상호신용금고)의 발전과정과 구조조정 경과 2.1 상호신용금고의 출범기 5 2.1.1 출범배경 5 2.1.2 상호신용금고의 탄생 8 2.1.3 출범초기의 구조조정 12 2.2 상호신용금고의 성장기 13 2.3 구조조정 추진경과 18 2.3.1 2011년 이전 18 2.3.2 2011년 이후 18 2.4 최근의 구조조정 현황 19 2.4.1 부실저축은행 정리현황 19 2.4.2 재편현황 21 2.4.3 규모별, 특성별 저축은행 구조 전망 23 3. 정부의 정책변화와 저축은행의 부실원인 및 결과와 최근 동향 3.1 부실발생 과정과 시대적 구분 27 3.2 저축은행에 대한 정책변화의 문제 28 3.3 저축은행 부실원인 30 3.3.1 은행의 여신금지업종에 대한 제한 폐지 30 3.3.2 예금보호한도 상향 조정 31 3.3.3 저축은행 명칭 변경 32 3.3.4 소액대출 활성화 조치 35 3.3.5 저축은행 계열화 허용 35 3.3.6 8.8클럽 여신한도 완화 36 3.3.7 시장자율 M&A 37 3.4 부실결과 39 3.4.1 여신완화 정책과 PF대출의 부실 39 3.4.2 계열화 허용과 대형화에 기인한 부실 42 3.4.3 예금보호한도 상향 등과 대주주 및 경영진의 모럴헤저드 44 3.5 저축은행산업의 현안 및 해결과제 45 3.5.1 명칭변경 재론 46 3.5.2 예금보험료 인하 46 3.5.3 일본계 자금의 저축은행 투자 및 영업강화 48 3.6 저축은행산업의 최근 동향 및 향후 전망 49 3.6.1 최근 동업계 동향 49 3.6.2 향후 전망 52 4. 발전방안 4.1 정책의 역할 61 4.2 발전방안 62 4.2.1 대형저축은행의 지방은행 전환 62 4.2.2 합병의 유연성 확보 64 4.2.3 소유와 경영의 분리와 내부통제 강화 65 4.2.4 지배구조 개선 66 5. 결 론 69 참고문헌 72 (부록) 1. 권역·자산규모별 총자산 추이 77 2. 저축은행 주요 경영지표 추이 82 3. 저축은행 영업한도 8

A Study on the Contract of Carriage of Passengers by Sea of Chinese Maritime Code

The marine contract provisions in the Maritime Code of the People's Republic of the China (MCC) are the main legal sources of the contract of carriage of passenger by sea in China. On international carriage, except MCC, Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by sea, 1974 is also applied. This study bases on the provision of MCC. The concrete scope is as follows: 1) Introduction to international convention and legislative examples of various countries on the contract of carriage of passengers by sea.(Chapter 2) 2) The concept and nature of the contract of carriage of passengers by sea. (Chapter 3) 3) The conclusion and cancellation of the contract of carriage of passengers by sea. (Chapter 4) 4) Legal effect of the contract of carriage of passengers by sea.(Chapter 5) 5) Conclusion. (Chapter 5) Through the study of the Contract of Carriage of Passengers by sea of MCC, this thesis points out the weak points in MCC and also puts forward some legislative suggestions and remedy measures as follows: 1) In MCC, passenger includes those who go on board without paying a fare to the carrier with the consent of the carrier and those who are exempted from being considered under related provision. It is necessary to provide the liability of the carrier to them. 2) Because the time of contract's conclusion is involved in whether right and obligation is exist it is provided in MCC, specially in the case of the charter party. 3) In order to balance the benefit of the carrier and passenger, it is necessary to provide the condition of canceling contract to change the situation that carrier one-sidedly provides the condition. 4) In the matter of performing carrier's liability in MCC on the existing provision, it should be added that the performing carrier applies the provision of carrier's liability for the part of the carriage performed by him. Otherwise it makes mistake that the performing carrier should be responsible for the whole carriage periods. 5) In order to protect benefit of the passenger for the suffered as a result of the death of or personal injury to a passenger caused by a shipping incident, the carrier should be liable regardless of the existing of carrier's fault. Simultaneously, "defect in the ship", as one of the ship incident, should be defined because it is closely connected with the strict liability of the carrier. 6) Pecuniary loss resulting from the passenger's delayed arrival and the luggage not having been redelivered to the passenger within the stipulated time, as breach of contract, carriers should indemnify for it. 7) Limit of liability of the carrier who engaged in civil carriage should be raised according to the nation's economical level. In order to solve the matter that avoided the appliance of the limitation of liability of the carrier, when claiming for carrier's liability in tort, it is necessary for the passenger to provide the limitation of liability of the carrier and it must be applied in all the claim what instituted about passenger's damage and injury in the course of carriage by sea. Global limitation of carrier's liability for passenger's death and injury should to be repealed, if china wants to develop the business in super cruise ship. 8) Because the current law and the system of insurance don't solve the matter what secures the passenger receiving indemnity from carrier in MCC. The compulsory insurance system should be introduced and the insured amount should be fixed by taking account of the insure market's undertaking ability and carrier's economic level.제1장 머리말 1 제1절 硏究의 背景과 目的 1 제2절 硏究의 範圍 및 方法 2 제2장 海上旅客運送에 關한 國際協約 및 立法例 4 제1절 아테네協約 以前의 國際協約 4 Ⅰ. 1961년 海上旅客運送에 關한 國際協約 4 Ⅱ. 1967년 海上旅客手荷物의 運送에 關한 國際協約 8 제2절 아테네 協約 13 Ⅰ. 1974年 아테네 協約 14 Ⅱ. 1976年 아테네 協約 改正議定書 15 Ⅲ. 1990年 아테네 協約 改正議定書 16 Ⅳ. 2002年 아테네 協約 改正議定書 16 제3절 各國의 立法例 20 Ⅰ. 英國 20 Ⅱ. 美國 21 Ⅲ. 日本 21 Ⅳ. 韓國 22 제3장 海上旅客運送契約의 意義와 法的 性質 23 제1절 意義 23 Ⅰ. 海上旅客運送契約의 槪念 23 Ⅱ. 海上旅客運送契約에 관한 法律의 沿革과 體系 27 제2절 法的 性質 29 Ⅰ. 雙務&#8228不要式契約性 30 Ⅲ. 都給契約性 30 Ⅳ. 附合契約性 31 제4장 海上旅客運送契約의 成立과 終了 32 제1절 契約의 成立 32 Ⅰ. 契約의 當事者 32 Ⅱ. 成立時期 35 제2절 契約의 終了 38 Ⅰ. 旅客의 任意解除 38 Ⅱ. 不可抗力으로 因한 終了 40 제5장 海上旅客運送契約의 效果 41 제1절 運送人의 權利와 義務 41 Ⅰ. 權利 41 Ⅱ. 義務 43 제2절 海上旅客運送人의 責任 45 Ⅰ. 責任主體 46 Ⅱ. 責任期間 50 Ⅲ. 責任原則 52 Ⅳ. 抗辯事由 62 Ⅴ. 責任對象의 範圍 64 Ⅵ. 責任制限 67 Ⅶ. 責任輕減의 禁止 76 제3절 强制保險 77 Ⅰ. 意義 77 Ⅱ. 形式 79 Ⅲ. 內容 81 Ⅳ. 直接請求權 84 제6장 맺음말 86 參考文獻 90有償契約性 29 Ⅱ. 諾成&#822

지원대상 및 지원수단 비교분석

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 행정대학원 공기업정책학과, 2022. 8. 이석원.In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, startups play a critical role in leading global competition. Thus, the government aggressively expands the scale of startup support projects by introducing policies such as "creating an innovative start-up ecosystem" and "a strategy to spread the second venture boom." Public institutions under the government also begin to launch supportive packages for startups. Therefore, this study explores the impact of startup support policy, especially whether its efficacy varies across startups (i.e., general vs., innovative) and contents (i.e., financial vs. non-financial supports). Specifically, we examine the impact of supportive policies on startups’growth and profitability by using the data of financial (i.e., the credit guarantee) and non-financial support (i.e., accelerator program) of the Korea Credit Guarantee Fund. We find that the impact of financial support is generally greater for innovative startups than general ones, especially when it comes along with non-financial support. First, among the credit guarantee support effects by support target, the growth index was compared and analyzed by selecting the sales growth rate and sales amount. It was analyzed that startups outnumber general start-ups in sales due to the benefits of credit guarantee support, but the sales growth rate was rather inferior. Regarding profitability indicators, the operating profit ratio of sales was found to have a positive effect of credit guarantee support for startups than for general start-ups, but the net return on equity capital was analyzed to have a greater negative effect for startups. Looking at the change in the number of employees, it was found that startups had a better employment improvement effect due to credit guarantee support than general start-ups at a significance level of 5% in both t+1 and t+2. The support means were analyzed by dividing it into a single credit guarantee support and a package support that provides both credit guarantee and acceleration. Growth-related indicators are interpreted as a result of relatively slowing sales growth, although the increase in sales is greater than that of a single credit guarantee support when supporting packages. Regarding the profitability index, package support showed a more positive effect than single support in the case of sales operating profit ratio at a significant level of 5% in both t+1 and t+2. On the other hand, the net return on equity capital showed a result that single support was superior to package support in the t+1 period, and no significant result was found at the 5% significance level in the t+ period. Finally, regarding the employment rate, which is a non-financial performance of a company, it was found that package support had a greater employment effect than single support at a significance level of 5% in both t+1 and t+2. This study provides the policy implications by showing that financial and non-financial supports are complementary rather than substitute. However, due to data constraints, we limit our focus to providing the correlational evidence for the short-term effects of the policy. Thus, future studies should investigate the causal evidence, long-term consequences of the startup support policies, or the theoretical mechanism that underlies the complementary relationship between supports we found.4차산업 혁명 시기에 스타트업이 관련 기술에서 주도적인 역할을 수행하며 전 세계적인 혁신 경쟁을 이끌고 있다. 이에 발맞춰 정부도 ‘혁신 창업 생태계 조성방안’, ‘제2벤처 붐 확산 전략’ 등을 발표하며 스타트업 창업 지원 사업 규모를 사상 최대 규모로 확대해 나가고 있으며, 정부 산하 공공기관들도 앞 다투어 스타트업 관련 지원정책을 쏟아내고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 최근 정부 및 공공기관이 시행하고 있는 스타트업 지원 정책을 지원대상과 지원수단으로 구분하여 비교분석하고자 하였다. 지원대상은 일반 창업기업과 혁신형 스타트업, 지원수단은 단일지원과 패키지지원으로 분류하며 신용보증기금의 금융 및 비금융 지원 사례를 통해 비교분석 하고자 한다. 한편 본 연구의 종속변수는 성장성지표와 수익성지표 그리고 고용인원으로 선정하였다. 먼저 지원대상별 신용보증 지원효과 중 성장성 지표는 매출액증가율과 매출액을 선정하여 비교분석 하였다. 신용보증 지원 수혜로 매출액은 일반 창업기업보다 스타트업이 더욱 우세하나, 매출액증가율은 오히려 열위한 것으로 분석되었다. 수익성 지표 관련하여 매출액영업이익률은 스타트업이 일반 창업기업보다 신용보증 지원에 따른 긍정적 효과가 발생하는 것으로 나타났으나, 자기자본순이익률은 스타트업이 부정적 효과가 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 고용인원의 변화를 살펴보면, t+1기, t+2기 모두 유의수준 5%에서 스타트업이 일반 창업기업보다 신용보증 지원에 따른 고용개선 효과가 우세한 것으로 나타났다. 지원수단은 신용보증 단일지원과 신용보증과 액셀러레이팅을 함께 제공하는 패키지지원으로 구분하여 분석하였다. 성장성 관련 지표는 패키지 지원시 신용보증 단일지원보다 매출액의 증가 폭은 더욱 크나, 매출액증가율은 상대적으로 둔화되고 있는 결과로 해석된다. 수익성 지표 관련하여서는 매출액영업이익률의 경우 t+1기, t+2기 모두 5% 유의수준에서 패키지 지원이 단일지원보다 더욱 긍정적 효과가 나타났다. 반면 자기자본순이익률은 t+1기에 단일지원이 패키지지원보다 우세한 결과가 나타났으며, t+2기에는 5% 유의수준에서 유의미한 결과가 나타나지 않았다. 마지막으로 기업의 비재무적 성과인 고용률 관련하여 t+1기, t+2기 모두 5% 유의수준에서 단일지원보다 패키지 지원이 고용효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 최근 관심이 증대되고 있는 스타트업과 액셀러레이터에 대해 합리적으로 접근을 시도하여 분석한 점에 의미가 있다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 자료수집의 제약으로 장기적 영향에 대한 분석이 이루어지지 않았으며, 액셀러레이터가 기업에게 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 관한 이론적 고찰이 미비하다는 점은 한계로 제시하였다. 본 연구를 통해 스타트업에 대한 체계적 관리 및 단계적 지원의 필요성이 증대되길 기대한다.제 1 장 서론 1 제 1 절 연구배경 및 필요성 1 제 2 절 연구의 목적 4 제 3 절 연구대상과 방법 5 제 2 장 이론적 논의와 선행연구 검토 7 제 1 절 이론적 논의 7 1. 스타트업 7 2. 액셀러레이터 11 3. 신용보증 15 제 2 절 선행연구 검토 17 1. 창업기업별 신용보증 지원성과 17 2. 액셀러레이터에 의한 비금융 지원성과 19 3. 패키지(금융+비금융) 지원성과 20 제 3 장 연구설계 및 분석방법 22 제 1 절 연구모형 및 연구가설 22 제 2 절 변수의 조작적 정의 25 1. 종속변수 25 2. 독립변수 및 조절변수 27 3. 통제변수 28 제 3 절 연구방법 31 1. 표본선정 및 자료수집 31 2. 분석방법 31 제 4 장 실증 분석결과 32 제 1 절 분석대상 및 기술통계 32 1. 분석대상 및 표본구성 32 2. 기술통계량 34 제 2 절 상관분석 결과 35 제 3 절 회귀분석 결과 39 1. 지원대상 39 2. 지원수단 48 제 5 장 결론 56 제 1 절 연구결과 요약 56 제 2 절 연구의 시사점 60 제 3 절 연구의 한계 및 향후과제 61 참고문헌 63 Abstract 66석

A Study on Carrier's Liability under Maritime Law-With emphasis on the amendment of Chinese Maritime Code

Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China(MCC) was adopted at the 28th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Seventh National People's Congress on November 7, 1992 and came into force on July 1, 1993. This law accepts the resonable provisions of international conventions and shipping practice, so it receives many favorable comments as an advanced legislation. In Chapter IV of MCC, Contract of Carriage of Goods by Sea was stipulated with reference to Hague Rules, Hague-Visby Rules and Hamburg Rules. There is no perfect legislation in the world and therefore MCC is not an exception. Many disputes have arisen in the process of application of MCC because of ambiguous expression and loophole existing in provisions. The provisons about the carrier's liability cannot avoid this situation. The object of this dissertation is to study the carrier's liability. In particular, subject of liability, period of responsibility and basis of liability are deeply analyzed and studied under MCC. This dissertation is intended to find out the solution to the problems involved relevant provisions, so this dissertation is expected to provide some valuable references for the amendment of MCC. In order to accomplish this purpose, the method of comparative law and legal theory is mainly used as a method of study in this dissertation. The contents are as follows. In the first chapter, the purpose of this study, and the scope and method of this study are described. In the second chapter, the author makes a general study of carrier's liability, analyzing the legal meaning of carrier's liability, examples of national legislation and international conventions on carrier's liability, and legal system of the Chinese ocean carrier's liability. In the third chapter, the subject of liability under the contract of carriage of goods by sea is mainly discussed. In particular, A distinction between a carrier(contractual carrier) and an actual carrier is clearly made. In the fourth chapter, great emphasis is put on the period of responsibility. In this chapter, the author tries to compare the provision of MCC with other legislations related to the period of responsibility and to point out some issues concerning the provision of MCC. In the fifth chapter, the basis of liability is mainly discussed, The exception of a navigation fault and a fire, the system of a carrier's liability, and the issues over the burden of proof are deeply analyzed. In the final chapter, this study is summarized and some proposals are advanced on the amendment for the carrier's liability under MCC. Through the study of the carrier's liability under MCC, the major improvements of MCC are put forward from a legislative point of view as follows. 1. Subject of Liability Article 41 (1). "Carrier" means the person by whom or in whose name a contract of carriage of goods by sea has been concluded with a shipper. However, the carrier shall be identified only by the mentioned items of a bill of lading when the claimant is a bill of lading holder who is a third party acting in good faith. Article 41 (2). "Actual carrier" means the person who physically performs any of the contractual carrier's responsibilities under contractual carrier's period of responsibility, entrusted by the contractual carrier or entrusted under a sub-contract. Article 63. Where both the carrier and the actual carrier are liable for compensation, they shall be jointly liable within the scope of such liability. The claimant's claim for indemnity, exemption, merger done to one person between the carrier and the actual carrier cannot affect the other. 2. Period of Carrier's Responsibility Article 46. The responsibilities of the carrier cover the entire period during which the carrier is in charge of the goods, starting from the time the carrier has taken over the goods until the goods have been delivered. The time of receipt and delivery of the goods can be agreed in the contract of carriage, but the agreement intended to reduce the period of carrier's responsibility is void. However, the responsibilities of the carrier with reference to sea carriage under multimodal transport cover the entire period during which the carrier is in charge of the goods, starting from the time the goods have been unloaded from the overland vehicle at the port of loading until the goods have been loaded at the overland vehicle at the port of discharge. The carrier shall be liable for the loss resulting from loss of or damage to the goods, as well as from delay in delivery, if the occurrence which caused the loss, damage or delay took place in the period of his responsibility, except as otherwise provided for in this Section. It shall be presumed that the occurrence which caused the loss, damage or delay took place in the period of carrier's responsibility, if the loss of or damage to the goods took place in the period of carrier's responsibility or delay in delivery took place at the port of discharge. The responsibilities of the actual carrier cover the entire period during which the actual carrier is in charge of the goods under the period of carrier's responsibility. 3. Basis of Liability Article 47. The carrier shall, before and at the beginning of the voyage, exercise due diligence to make the ship seaworthy, properly to man, equip and supply the ship, and to make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation. The carrier can be exempt from the liability about unseaworthiness if the carrier proves that he has exercised "due diligence" to perform this responsibility, when the carrier proves that the loss has resulted from unseaworthiness. Article 48. The carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the goods carried. The carrier can be exempt from the liability about carelessness on goods if the carrier proves that he has done "properly and carefully" to perform this responsibility, when the carrier proves that the loss has resulted from carelessness on goods. Article 49. The carrier shall carry the goods to the port of discharge on the agreed or customary or geographically direct route. Any deviation in saving or attempting to save life or property at sea or any reasonable deviation shall not be deemed to be an act deviating from the provisions of the preceding paragraph. The carrier can be exempt from the liability about deviation if the carrier proves that the deviation in question was a reasonable deviation, when the carrier proves that the loss has resulted from deviation. Article 51. The carrier shall not be liable if he can prove that the loss arose or resulted from any of the following causes. However, before the carrier claims exemption under this article, he must prove that he has performed the responsibility provided in Article 47 and Article 49 or that the loss cannot be avoided even if he did not violated these responsibilities. (1) Fault of the Master, crew members, pilot or servant of the carrier in the navigation or management of the ship(12) Any other causes arising without the fault of the carrier or his servant or agent.(11) Latent defect of the ship not discoverable by due diligence(10) Insufficiency of packing, or inadequacy or illegibility of marks(9) Nature or inherent vice of the goods(8) Act of the shipper, owner of the goods or their agents(7) Saving or attempting to save life or property at sea(6) Strikes, stoppage or restraint of labour(5) Act of the government or competent authorities, quarantine restrictions or seizure under legal process(4) War or armed conflict(3) Act of God and perils, dangers and accidents of the sea or other navigable waters(2) The loss of the goods shipped on board due to fire, unless the claimant proved that the fire was caused by the actual fault of the carrier第1章 序 論 1 第1節 硏究의 目的 1 第2節 硏究의 範圍 및 方法 4 第2章 海上運送人의 損害賠償責任에 관한 一般論 6 第1節 槪觀 6 Ⅰ. 海上運送人의 損害賠償責任 6 Ⅱ. 海上運送人의 損害賠償責任에 관한 立法例 11 Ⅲ. 海上運送人의 損害賠償責任에 관한 國際協約 14 第2節 中國海上運送人의 損害賠償責任法制 22 Ⅰ. 中國의 海上運送人의 損害賠償責任法制의 沿革 22 Ⅱ. 中國國際海上物件運送 27 Ⅲ. 中國國內海上物件運送 32 Ⅳ. 中國國際海上物件運送과 中國國內海上物件運送의 比較 36 第3章 海上物件運送契約上의 損害賠償責任의 主體 40 第1節 契約運送人 40 I. 契約運送人의 槪念 40 II. 契約運送人의 確定 42 第2節 實際運送人 63 I. 實際運送人의 定義 63 Ⅱ. 實際運送人의 責任의 法的性質 70 Ⅲ. 實際運送人의 責任의 範圍 73 Ⅳ. 헤이그규칙/헤이그-비스비규칙 하에 非契約運送人의 責任 74 Ⅴ. 非契約運送人과 관련이 있는 立法 및 草案 84 Ⅵ. 綜合的 分析 90 第3節 契約運送人과 實際運送人의 關係 96 Ⅰ. 각자의 責任分擔 96 Ⅱ. 契約運送人의 責任免除의 要件 97 Ⅲ. 契約運送人의 合意의 實際運送人에 대한 效力 98 Ⅳ. 契約運送人과 實際運送人 사이의 連帶責任 98 第4節 韓國海商法의 運送人과의 比較 100 Ⅰ. 契約運送人 100 Ⅱ. 實際運送人 102 Ⅲ. 契約運送人과 實際運送人 사이의 關係 103 第4章 海上運送人의 損害賠償의 責任期間 105 第1節 中國海商法上 海上運送人의 損害賠償의 責任期間 105 Ⅰ. 中國海商法上 海上運送人의 損害賠償의 責任期間의 定義 105 Ⅱ. 海上運送人의 損害賠償의 責任期間에 관한 立法例 107 Ⅲ. 中國海商法과 國際協約의 比較 123 Ⅳ. 中國海商法上 責任期間에 대한 立法論 125 第2節 韓國海商法上의 責任期間과의 比較 129 第5章 海上運送人의 損害賠償의 責任原則 131 第1節 中國海商法上 運送人의 責任原則의 內容 131 Ⅰ. 運送人의 義務 131 Ⅱ. 運送人의 免責事由 137 第2節 中國海商法上 運送人의 責任原則의 檢討 143 Ⅰ. 不完全 過失責任原則에 관한 檢討 144 Ⅱ. 中國海商法上 運送人責任의 體系에 관한 檢討 165 Ⅲ. 運送人責任의 立證에 관한 檢討 179 第3節 韓國海商法上의 運送人의 責任原則과의 比較 201 Ⅰ. 責任原則 201 Ⅱ. 責任原則의 體系 201 Ⅲ. 立證責任分配 203 第6章 結論 205 參 考 文 獻 21

cisplatin에 저항성을 지닌 난소암세포에서 cinnamaldehyde와 cisplatin의 조합에 의해 발생한 ROS로부터 유도된 자가포식 기전 연구

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 농생명공학부, 2017. 2. 송용상.Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic cancer. A major obstacle to the current therapy for ovarian cancer is the platinum-resistance. Cisplatin (CDDP) is representatively platinum-based drug and has anti-cancer effect by triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various cancer cells. Cinnamaldehyde (CA), extracted from the stem bark of Cinnamomum cassia, has been shown to possess anticancer effects in various cancers and to induce apoptotic cell death by ROS generation. According to previous studies, induction of ROS by cellular stressors promotes autophagic cell death as well as apoptosis in many cancers. So, we tested whether CA and CDDP boost ROS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy and also have synergistic effect in ovarian cancer cells. We chose two types of ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780/s sensitive to CDDP and A2780/cis resistant to CDDP). Low dose (1 µM) of CDDP appeared cytotoxicity and induced ROS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in A2780/s. But high dose (10 µM) of CDDP was not affected in A2780/cis. In this condition, co-treatment of CA remarkably increased synergistic growth-inhibitory effect and induced ROS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in A2780/cis. Thus, excessive ROS by combination of CA and CDDP might be proposed to a way to overcome the chemoresistance in ovarian cancer.INTRODUCTION 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 4 RESULTS 8 DISCUSSION 22 REFERENCES 26 국문 초록 33Maste

한국 무종교인에 관한 연구 -무종교인과 탈종교인의 분화를 중심으로-

This study focuses on the differentiation of religious nones by using the concept of ‘religious done’ in Korea. Recently the number of religious nones began to increase due to the increase of the size of unchurched believers in Korea. Many Protestants began to leave their church although they didn’t stop believing God. In America, some of unchurched believers began to decide not to go back to church and they are named as ‘religious done.’ It shows that both Protestants and religious nones are differentiated. Unchurched believers are classified religious nones in term of religious membership but they may be classified as Protestants in terms of religious identification. Religious dones have same characteristics as unchurched believers except that they decide not to return to their church. We found that some of unchurched believers in Korea refuse to return to churches. It may show that differentiation of Protestants and religious nones began in Korea. Thus this study plans to study whether there are similar groups like religious done and what their characteristics are in Korea.22Nkc

영상보조 항법시스템에서의 사전 정보를 이용한 수도-아웃라이어 제거 기법

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :공과대학 기계항공공학부,2020. 2. 박찬국.In this work, we proposed an algorithm designed for realistic vision-aided navigation systems. Random sample consensus, the most popularly used algorithm for vision-aided navigation systems, is not properly operated in real-world situations with pseudo-outliers like a moving object taking a large part of the image. The proposed method was designed to replace the conventional algorithm using prior information from an additional reliable sensor. We evaluated the proposed algorithm in a simulation to verify that it can filter out the large moving feature group like bus or truck and can achieve better performance than the conventional algorithm. We also applied our algorithm to a vision-aided wheel odometry system with a multi-state constraint Kalman filter in a real-time system. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm prevents the malfunction of the classic algorithm and improves the accuracy of position estimation, especially when there is a pseudo-outlier.이 논문에서는 실제적인 영상 보조 항법 시스템에 적용하기 위한 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 영상 보조 시스템에서 가장 많이 사용하는 무작위 추출 컨센서스의 경우 움직이는 물체와 같은 수도-아웃라이어 때문에 실제 세상에 적용하기 힘들다. 제안한 알고리즘은 이와 같은 기존 방법의 문제를 해결하고자 고안되었으며, 시스템을 운용하는 센서로부터 사전 정보를 받아 이용한다. 큰 물체가 화면의 대부분을 가리는 경우에 적절하게 행동하는지 판별하기 위해 시뮬레이션 시행하여 확인하였다. 제안된 알고리즘을 검증하고자 휠 오도메트리와 자이로스코프 및 영상을 결합한 다중상태조건 칼만 필터 시스템을 이용하여 실제 취득한 데이터에 적용하였다. 기존 알고리즘이 오동작하는 수도-아웃라이어가 있는 경우에도 제안한 알고리즘은 적절하게 동작하였으며, 궤적 추정의 정확도가 향상되는 것을 확인하였다.Abstract Contents List of Tables List of Figures Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation and background 1 1.2 Objectives and contributions 3 Chapter 2 Related Works 4 2.1 Vision-aided navigation system 4 2.2 Random sampling consensus 7 Chapter 3 MSCKF for Visual-Inertial-Wheel Odometry 15 3.1 Multi-state constraint Kalman filter 16 3.1.1 State representation 18 3.1.2 System model and update 19 3.1.3 Measurement model and update 23 3.2 MSCKF with wheel odometry 26 3.2.1 State representation 28 3.2.2 System model and update 29 3.2.3 Measurement model and update 31 Chapter 4 New Method over RANSAC 32 4.1 Problem formulation 32 4.2 Local propagation 34 4.3 Epipolar residual 36 4.4 Mode seeking 38 4.5 Clustering and sampling 39 Chapter 5 Results 41 5.1 Simulation results 41 5.2 Experimental results 43 5.2.1 System structure 43 5.2.2 Dataset description 44 5.2.3 Performance evaluation 48 Chapter 6 Conclusion 51 6.1 Conclusion and summary 51 6.2 Future works 52 Bibliography 53 초록 58Maste

도수 침수 해석을 위한 다공성 천수방정식의 해석해와 유한체적모형 개발

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 공과대학 건설환경공학부, 2022.2. 황진환.Porous shallow water equations have been reported as one of the most promising coarse-grid models for urban flood modeling, which show a good balance between cost and accuracy. However, the mathematical natures of porous shallow water equations make it highly challenging to implement the numerical solver that accurately captures the solution of porous shallow water equations. Indeed, the nonlinearity and non-strictly hyperbolicity cause discontinuity and non-uniqueness problems in the solution of porous shallow water equations, respectively. Furthermore, the presence of non-conservative products makes it difficult to integrate the porous shallow water equations near the discontinuities in porosity and bottom topography. To overcome such issues, previous studies have imposed additional assumptions on numerical approximation, which result in failure to accurately resolve the solution structure if there is a strong discontinuity in geometry (porosity and bottom topography). Therefore, the present study developed a finite volume method that can accurately capture all types of solution structures of porous shallow water equations, which was accomplished with three steps. Firstly, the Riemann problem of one-dimensional porous shallow water equations with discontinuous porosity and bottom topography was considered. Extending the pertinent studies on Riemann problems of shallow water equations with discontinuous bed or width, elementary waves associated to characteristic fields of porous shallow water equations were formulated. In particular, the stationary wave which satisfies mass and energy conservation was utilized for contact discontinuity of geometry. The existence of the stationary wave was investigated, and a group of regularized geometric functions that guarantee the uniqueness of the stationary wave were proposed. Based on the L-M/R-M curve theory introduced by Han et al. (2012), the exact solver for solving the Riemann problem of porous shallow water equations was implemented. All the admissible solution structures (10 wet cases and 7 dry cases) were identified through intensive investigation on the exact solver. It was confirmed that the exact solution of the Riemann problem of porous shallow water equations always exists and is unique or triple. Secondly, the finite volume method for solving one-dimensional porous shallow water equations was constructed, which was based on the path-conservative method to treat the non-conservative source terms. Well-balanced WENO reconstruction was formulated to achieve high-order accuracy and exact C-property. The positivity-preserving property was reflected to prevent water depth from becoming negative during simulation. Stationary wave reconstruction was formulated to reflect the structure of the exact solver. Extensive numerical tests were performed to verify the well-balancedness, accuracy, stability, convergency, and shock-capturing ability of the present numerical scheme, which shows good agreements. From the comparative study, it was demonstrated that the present scheme is superior to the previous works. Lastly, the one-dimensional finite volume solver was extended to two dimensions. Under the regularization sense, it was proven that the solution of the porous shallow water equations is consistent with that of the shallow water equations with slip-wall boundary. To verify such consistency, the high-order immersed boundary method was implemented and coupled with the shallow water equations solver. From the grid convergence tests, it was numerically shown that the numerical solutions of the porous shallow water equations solver eventually converge to that of shallow water equations solver with the immersed boundary. However, when the mesh was too coarse to resolve the building layouts, the numerical results between the two solvers were different. Therefore, the porous shallow water equations can be a good alternative to shallow water equations with wall-boundary conditions for urban inundation modeling only if the porosity map represents the geometrical condition well.다공성 천수방정식은 천수흐름에 대한 고체 구조물의 영향을 다공도의 개념을 통해 반영하여, 성긴 격자계에서도 유체-구조물의 상호작용 모의가 가능하도록 설계된 모형이다. 다공성 천수방정식은 도시침수 상황에 대한 예측의 정확도와 신속성을 적절히 타협한 모형으로 보고됨에 따라 지난 20여년간 수학적 기초부터 공학적 응용까지 많은 연구가 이루어져왔다. 그러나, 다공성 천수방정식은 비선형성에 의한 불연속의 문제와 비엄밀 쌍곡선계의 특성으로 인한 다수해의 문제가 동시에 존재하여 정확한 해석에 어려움이 있었다. 또한, 비보존성 생성/소멸항에 다공도와 하상높이에 관한 일차미분항이 존재하여 지형(다공도와 하상)에 불연속이 있는 경우, 그 근방에서의 적분 불가능성으로 인해 유한체적법에 기반한 리만해법의 구축이 상당히 난해했다. 기존의 연구들은 인위적인 가정들을 통해 이러한 어려움을 극복하였으나, 이러한 가정으로 인하여 수치해가 정해의 구조를 반영하지 못하는 결과를 초래했다. 수치 실험의 결과 기존의 기법들은 지형의 불연속의 크기가 작은 경우에만 정확한 예측을 보였으며, 반대로 지형의 불연속이 큰 경우 수치해가 정해로 수렴을 하지 못하는 결과가 나타났다. 이러한 문제들을 극복하기 위하여 본 연구는 다공성 천수방정식의 정해를 분석하였고, 그 정해로 정확하게 수렴하는 유한체적법을 구축하였으며, 본 연구에서 개발된 다공성 천수방정식의 수치기법이 도시 침수에 빈번히 나타나는 유체-구조물의 상호작용 문제에 있어서 세밀한 격자계에서 벽경계조건을 부여한 천수방정식 모형의 대안이 될 수 있음을 수학적/수치적으로 보였다. 첫째로, 1차원 다공성 천수방정식의 리만문제에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 기존의 연구에서는 다공도나 하상 높이 중 어느 하나에 대한 지형의 불연속만을 고려하여 리만문제 연구를 수행하였는데, 이에 기반하여 다공도와 하상높이를 동시에 고려하는 본 연구의 문제로 확장하였다. 우선 쌍곡선계의 고유공간마다 전파되는 요소파들을 정리하였다. 특히, 지형의 불연속을 처리하는 정상파(stationary wave)를 유도하고 존재성을 증명하였으며, 유일성을 위한 지형함수군을 유도하여 제시하였다. 이렇게 유도된 요소파를 바탕으로 Han et al. (2012)이 제시한 L-M/R-M 커브이론을 확장하여, 다공성 천수방정식의 정해법을 구축하였다. 구축된 정해법을 통해 다공성 천수방정식의 리만문제가 갖을 수 있는 모든 정해를 정리 및 분석하여, 10 종류의 젖음 케이스와 7종류의 마름 케이스로 구분되는 총 17종류의 정해의 구조를 확인하였다. 또한, 17종의 정해를 모두 확인할 수 있는 리만문제에 대한 13개의 대표 예제를 제시하고, 해석해를 유도하였으며 이를 통해 다공성 천수방정식 리만문제의 해는 항상 존재하며 유일해나 삼중해로 나타남을 보였다. 둘째로, 유한체적법에 기반하여 1차원 다공성 천수방정식의 근사 리만 해법을 구축하였다. 경로-보존성(path-conservative) 유한체적법을 유도하여 비보존성 생성/소멸항을 처리할 수 있는 차분방정식을 구축하였고, 여기에 정상파 재구축의 단계를 도입하여 정해의 구조가 반영될 수 있도록 하였다. 생성/소멸항과 플럭스항간 불균형화로 인한 수치오염을 줄이기 위해 잘 균형화된 기법(well-balanced scheme)을 구축하였고, 이와 더불어 WENO 기법과 연계하여 수치해의 정확도를 고도화하였다. 수치 계산 중 음수심의 발생으로 인해 수치모의가 불안정해지는 문제를 해결하기 위해 수심의 양성-보존성(positivity-preserving property)를 만족하는 CFL 조건을 유도하여 제시하였고, 제한자(limiter)를 도입하여 마름 혹은 거의 마름문제에서도 양성보존성을 만족할 수 있도록 하였다. 구축된 수치 기법은 천수방정식에 대한 벤치마크테스트를 통해 검증하여, 수치모의의 정확도, 수렴성, 안정성 측면에서 기존의 기법들보다 우수한 성능을 보임을 확인하였다. 또한, 앞서 제시한 다공성 천수방정식의 리만문제에 대한 13개의 대표 예제에 대해 수치 모의를 수행하여 정해와 비교한 결과 좋은 일치성을 보였으며, 다공성 천수방정식에 대한 대표적인 선행기법들과 비교하여 본 연구의 기법만이 모든 대표 예제에서 정확한 결과를 보여줌을 수치적으로 증명하였다. 지형의 불연속의 크기가 커질수록 선행기법들은 정해로부터 크게 벗어나는 결과를 보였으나, 본 연구의 수치기법은 지형 불연속의 크기에 상관없이 정해와 좋은 일치성을 보여주었다. 마지막으로, 앞서 구축한 1차원 다공성 천수방정식의 수치기법을 2차원으로 확장하였다. 우선, 2차원 유체-구조물의 상호작용 문제에 있어서 다공도 천수방정식의 해가 벽경계조건을 부여한 천수방정식의 해와 수학적으로 상응함을 증명하였고, 두 모형 간 수렴구조가 나타나는지 수치적으로 검증하였다. 이를 위하여 고차 정확도로 잠입경계법을 구축하여 벽경계조건 모듈을 본 모형에 도입하였고, 구축된 모형은 2차원 벤치마크실험들을 통해 균형도, 정확성, 안정성 등을 검증하였다. 천수방정식과 잠입경계법이 연계된 모형(SWE+IBM)은 고차 정확도 벽경계조건을 위한 고스트 셀(ghost cell)이 확보될 수 있을 정도로 충분히 세밀한 격자계에서 해석되었고, 이를 통해 기준해(reference solution)를 산출하였다. 그리고, 다공성 천수방정식 모형(PSWE)은 아주 성긴 격자계부터 SWE+IBM에 사용된 세밀한 격자계까지 격자수렴실험을 수행하였다. 두 모형의 근본적인 비교를 위해 모든 수치실험에서 매개변수추정이 필요한 모든 생성/소멸항은 무시하였다. 수치실험 결과 격자가 수렴함에 따라 PSWE해가 SWE+IBM의 해로 수렴함을 확인할 수 있었다. 하지만, 격자가 너무 성겨서 다공도 맵(porosity map)이 지형의 특성을 충분히 반영하지 못하는 경우 PSWE해는 기준해로부터 큰 차이를 보였다. 따라서, 다공도의 분포가 지형 조건을 충분히 반영할 수 있는 규모의 격자계를 구성할 경우 다공성 천수방정식 모형은 도시 침수 모의에서 벽경계조건과 연계된 천수모형의 좋은 대안이 될 수 있음을 확인하였다.Contents Abstract of dissertation i Contents iv List of tables x List of figures xii Nomenclature xxx Abbreviations xlii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background and motivation 1 1.1.1. The impact of flooding and human activities for its mitigation 1 1.1.2. Flood inundation models 2 1.1.3. Two-dimensional shallow water equations for urban flood modeling 3 1.1.4. Porous shallow water equations for unban inundations 5 1.2. Objectives 11 1.3. Overview 13 Chapter 2. Review of hyperbolic system with conservation laws 15 2.1. Conservation laws and hyperbolicity 15 2.2 Weak solutions of nonlinear hyperbolic system 17 2.2.1. First-order partial differential equation (PDE) and quasilinear form 17 2.2.2. Jump condition and weak solution of quasi-linear PDE 19 2.3 Riemann problems of hyperbolic PDE 21 2.3.1. Linear hyperbolic PDE 22 2.3.2. Nonlinear hyperbolic PDE 24 2.3.3. Riemann problems with a source term 30 2.4. Entropy condition 31 2.5. Shallow water equations 33 2.5.1. Shallow water equations and its characteristics 33 2.5.2. Elementary wave solutions of shallow water equations on the flat bed 38 2.5.3. The exact solutions of shallow water equations on flat bed with dry states 45 2.5.4. Riemann problem of shallow water equations with source terms 48 Chapter 3. The exact solution to Riemann problem of porous shallow water equations 50 3.1. Governing equations 51 3.2. Riemann problem of PSWE 53 3.3. Mathematical properties of porous shallow water equations 58 3.3.1. Eigen-structure of governing system 58 3.3.2. Two representation of porous shallow water equations 61 3.4. Strategy for solving the Riemann problem of PSWE 63 3.5. Elementary waves of each characteristic field 66 3.5.1. Elementary wave solutions of genuinely nonlinear fields 67 3.5.2. Elementary wave solutions of linearly degenerate fields 72 3.5.3. Resonant wave 88 3.6. Exact solver for solving Riemann problem of PSWE 92 3.6.1. Froude limits for R-M curves with u+ < 0 94 3.6.2. L-M and R-M curves 95 3.6.3. Monotonicity of the L-M and R-M curves 100 3.6.4. Verification of the exact solver 110 3.7. The exact solutions to Riemann problems of PSWE 112 3.7.1. Admissible wave configurations for the cases of h·p_x-p·b_x>0 112 3.7.2. Examples of admissible wave configurations for the case of h·p_x-p·b_x>0 117 3.7.3. L-M and R-M curves of examples in table 3.7 118 3.7.4. Exact solutions of examples for wet cases 124 3.7.5. Exact solutions of examples for dry cases 136 3.7.6. Summary of exact solutions to examples in Table 3.7 146 3.7.7 Existence theorem of the exact solution to Riemann problem of PSWE 148 3.9. Conclusions 151 Chapter 4. Finite volume method for 1D-PSWE 153 4.1. Treatments of non-conservative product 153 4.1.1. Generalized Rankine-Hugoniot relation 153 4.1.2. Path-conservative schemes for nonconservative product 158 4.1.3. First-order finite volume approximation for nonconservative products 161 4.2. Discretization of PSWE with BSP using finite volume method 164 4.3. WENO reconstruction 170 4.3.1. The revisit of WENO reconstruction 170 4.3.2. Well-balanced WENO reconstruction 174 4.4. Positive-preserving property 177 4.4.1. Positive-preserving criterion 178 4.4.2. Positivity-preserving limiters 180 4.5. Stationary wave reconstruction 185 4.5.1. Stationary wave reconstruction for general cases 185 4.5.2. Hydrostatic reconstruction for cases with a small jump in geometry 189 4.6. Numerical flux 190 4.7. Well-balance approximation of source terms 193 4.8. Temporal integration 195 4.9. Numerical results 196 4.9.1. Tests for exact C-property 196 4.9.2 Riemann problems for PSWE 197 4.9.3. Benchmark tests for SWE 201 4.10. Conclusions 216 Chapter 5. Comparative study of finite volume methods for PSWE 217 5.1. Review of the previous works on numerical methods of PSWE 217 5.2. Numerical methods of previous works in table 5.1 224 5.2.1. Guinot & Soares-Frazão, 2006 (G06) 224 5.2.2. Castro et al., 2007 (C07) 225 5.2.3. Finaud-Guyot et al., 2010 (F10) 226 5.2.4. Benkhaldoun et al., 2016 (B16) 228 5.2.5. Xing, 2016 (X16) 229 5.2.6. Extended version of Ferrari et al., 2017 (F17) 230 5.2.7. Cozzolino et al., 2018 (C18) 233 5.2.8. Ferrari et al., 2019 (F19) 235 5.2.9. Ferrari et al., 2020 (F20) 236 5.3. Numerical tests 238 5.3.1. Convergence to the solutions of Riemann problems in Table 3.7 238 5.3.2. Shock capturing ability over the geometric discontinuity 254 Chapter 6. Finite volume method for 2D-PSWE 258 6.1. Consistency between BSP model and nonlinear shallow water equations with slip-wall boundary 258 6.2. Discretization of 2D-PSWE with BSP using finite volume method 261 6.3. Algorithms of high-order finite volume methods for 2D-PSWE 266 6.4. Energy dissipation terms 272 6.5. Solver of shallow water equations solver for cross-validation 276 6.5.1 Immersed boundary condition 276 6.5.2. Validation of shallow water equations solvers with IBM 279 6.6. Preliminary results of the two-dimensional solver 293 6.6.1. Test of the well-balancedness for two-dimensional solver 293 6.6.2. High-velocity flow past a square cylinder 295 6.5.3. Validation with experiments of flood wave propagation in the floodplain 305 6.5.4. Toce valley experimental flooding 311 Chapter 7. Summary and conclusion 318 REFERENCES 320 국문초록 339박